山羊成骨细胞的体外培养和鉴定

采用初生山羊羔股骨骨膜,通过植块培养法、完全消化法和半消化植块法分离、培养成骨细胞。结果表明,植块培养法、完全消化法和半消化植块培养法的贴壁时间分别为4、24、4 h;培养4 d时的细胞数量分别为少量细胞、少量细胞、大量细胞,细胞汇合时间分别为21、19、10 d。传代后第7 d即可汇合,第14 d出现矿化结节,茜素红染色呈橘红色,Von Kossa染色呈黑色;姬姆萨和HE染色后可见体外培养的细胞呈三角形、多角形,胞质丰富,胞核卵圆形,单核,有1~3 个核仁;碱性磷酸酶染色后胞质呈黑色颗粒或块状沉淀;扫描电镜观察胞突发达,伸出的突起与临近细胞的突起相连。体外培养传至15代时细胞的生物学性状未发生变化。试验结果显示,半消化植块培养周期短,细胞损害小,有利于细胞贴壁,是一种可行的骨组织工程研究方法。     

牦牛子宫内膜细胞的分离培养及性激素对其增殖的影响

为了分离培养牦牛子宫内膜细胞,并探讨不同浓度雌激素和孕激素对上皮细胞和基质细胞增殖的影响,采用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化、离心分离和差速消化纯化的方法分离纯化上皮细胞和基质细胞,对其进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定,绘制生长曲线,最后用MTT法测定不同浓度的17β-雌二醇和孕酮对细胞增殖的影响。结果显示,1g/L胶原酶消化1h,500r/min离心10min,经2代差速消化纯化获得的上皮细胞的纯度为96%,基质细胞的纯度为93%;不同浓度的17β-雌二醇均能促进上皮细胞和基质细胞的增殖,孕酮可促进基质细胞的增殖,但对上皮细胞的增殖有抑制作用,不同浓度的17β-雌二醇和孕酮共同作用均能显著促进基质细胞增殖,而对上皮细胞增殖的影响随混合液中孕酮浓度的增加由促进转为抑制。本研究获得了高纯度的牦牛子宫内膜上皮细胞和基质细胞,证实雌激素能促进2种细胞的增殖,孕激素能促进基质细胞的增殖但抑制上皮细胞的增殖。     

乳鼠成骨细胞的培养及鉴定

无菌采取5日龄SD大鼠的颅盖骨,用胰蛋白酶预消化后,漂洗,剪碎,再用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化获得成骨细胞。通过倒置相差显微镜观察,并用碱性磷酸酶和矿化结节染色鉴定,利用微量滴定(MTT)法测定一个培养周期的成骨细胞活性分布,探讨一种经济、高效的原代成骨细胞培养方法。倒置相差显微镜形态观察结果显示,未贴壁的细胞呈圆形,贴壁生长的细胞呈不规则梭形、三角形或多角形,单核,有1~3个核仁;碱性磷酸酶和钙化结节染色均呈阳性(阳性率≥98.06%);MTT法结合形态学观察结果显示,成骨细胞培养至第10 d时活性最强。证实用改良的二次酶消化法能够在短时间内获得大量成骨细胞,且所培养的细胞具有典型的成骨细胞形态和功能。     

东方田鼠不同组织来源成纤维细胞的分离培养及比较

利用细胞体外培养技术,分别对东方田鼠胚胎、皮肤、肺、腹腔、肾及睾丸组织进行成纤维细胞的分离和传代培养,再与前期建立的两种东方田鼠永生化细胞系在传代次数、冻存复苏以及体外杀伤日本血吸虫童虫等相关生物学特性方面进行比较。结果显示,采用组织块贴壁法或胰蛋白酶消化法,可在体外进行东方田鼠不同组织来源成纤维细胞的培养、传代和冻存,光镜下细胞均贴壁生长,呈长梭形,为典型的成纤维样细胞;不同组织来源的成纤维细胞在最佳分离培养日龄、原代细胞贴壁时间、细胞纯度、传代次数及冻存后细胞活率等方面存在明显差异;与对照组相比,所有东方田鼠成纤维细胞培养上清均没有显著的体外杀伤日本血吸虫童虫的活性。结果表明,东方田鼠不同组织成纤维细胞的体外培养方法及生物学特性不同。     

绵羊子宫内膜上皮细胞的培养鉴定及enJSRV囊膜蛋白及其受体Hyal2的瞬时表达

为了分离培养绵羊子宫内膜上皮细胞并瞬时表达内源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(enJSRV)囊膜蛋白及其受体(Hyal2),采用酶消化法分离培养绵羊子宫内膜上皮细胞,差速消化法纯化细胞。应用角蛋白抗体对细胞进行免疫细胞化学鉴定。扩增enJSRVenv基因及其受体Hyal2基因,并构建真核表达质粒,同时在Hela细胞中瞬时表达。结果显示,细胞在相差显微镜下呈明显的上皮样细胞形态,同时细胞角蛋白染色阳性细胞占90%以上。成功构建了真核表达质粒pcDNA4-enJSRVenv及pcDNA4-Hyal2。Western-blot结果显示,真核表达质粒在HeLa细胞中被成功表达。本研究建立了一套高效、简便的子宫内膜上皮细胞培养方法,同时为进一步探究enJSRV囊膜蛋白的结构和功能奠定了试验基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2与EGFP融合蛋白表达载体的构建及在鸭心肌细胞中的表达

为研究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF2基因在异源细胞上的表达及生物学特性,构建了PCV2ORF2与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的融合基因真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-ORF2。采用脂质体法转染体外培养的鸭心肌细胞后,通过直接荧光观察EGFP-ORF2融合蛋白在鸭心肌细胞中的分布定位,经RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光方法检测ORF2基因在鸭心肌细胞中的表达。结果显示,转染48 h后有绿色荧光出现,RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光法检测均为阳性。证实,PCV2 ORF2基因在鸭心肌细胞内获得了成功表达。     

仔猪胰腺干细胞的多向分化潜能

以分离自1日龄仔猪体内的胰腺干细胞为检测细胞,诱导其向胰腺β细胞和三胚层功能性细胞分化,以证实分离的胰腺干细胞具有多向分化潜能。采用RPMI 1640培养液添加烟碱和肝细胞生长因子诱导胰腺干细胞向β细胞分化;添加5-氮胞苷向心肌细胞诱导;用地塞米松、β-磷酸甘油和抗坏血酸盐联合向成骨细胞诱导;用不同浓度的β-巯基乙醇作用不同时间向神经细胞诱导。结果表明,分离的仔猪胰腺干细胞在向胰腺β细胞诱导后,表现出胰岛素特征性双硫腙染色阳性,不同浓度的葡萄糖刺激诱导胰腺干细胞可分泌一定量的胰岛素;向心肌细胞诱导后,表现心肌细胞的α-actin和肌糖原阳性;向成骨细胞诱导后,细胞表现成骨细胞的碱性磷酸酶阳性和基质细胞钙离子茜素红染色阳性;向神经细胞诱导后,表达神经细胞的神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白、髓磷脂碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白-200等多种表面标志。证实分离的仔猪胰腺干细胞具有向三胚层功能性细胞分化的多向分化潜能。     

绵羊胎盘滋养层细胞的体外培养与鉴定

为建立一种稳定、方便地获得较高纯度的绵羊绒毛膜滋养层细胞的方法,为后续的细胞转染和RNA干扰试验提供细胞学基础,采用组织块法培养滋养层细胞,消化差速法纯化细胞,相差显微镜观察滋养层细胞的形态学特点,应用常规HE染色和免疫组织化学染色、透射电镜及PCR技术鉴定细胞来源。结果显示,倒置相差显微镜下,可见细胞为上皮样细胞形态,呈片状铺展生长。免疫组织化学染色显示,细胞角蛋白染色阳性细胞占90%以上,波形蛋白染色呈阴性;透射电镜可观察到滋养层细胞所特有的结构;台盼蓝排斥试验检测细胞活力,存活率超过95%,细胞活力良好。常规RT-PCR技术可扩增出滋养层细胞所分泌的特有的干扰素蛋白-1基因片段。证实该方法可以有效获得较高纯度的、具有生物学活性的绵羊绒毛膜滋养层细胞,为本实验室后续的体外研究提供试验基础。     

鸡胚成纤维细胞培养鸭瘟病毒的试验

将鸭瘟病毒强毒(DPV34)经12日龄鸭胚连续传2代,收获的尿囊液DPV34F2作为细胞培养的病毒接种于鸡胚成纤维细胞,连续传代5次.结果,从第2代开始,接种DPV的鸡胚成纤维细胞出现细胞病变,随着代次的增加,细胞病变愈加明显.经电镜观察,第5代细胞培养物中有典型的DPV病毒粒子;将第5代培养物接种鸭胚,出现典型鸭瘟病变;用PCR方法检测培养物,也出现DPV的特征DNA带.     

脂磷壁酸体外诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症模型的建立与评价

旨在通过脂磷壁酸(LTA)诱导的方法,体外建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)炎症模型,为奶牛乳腺炎的研究提供合理模型。采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离培养BMECs,利用差时胰酶消化法纯化BMECs。通过测定BMECs骨架蛋白——角蛋白18对所培养的细胞进行鉴定,以确定其为BMECs,并用LTA侵染BMECs,以培养细胞的形态学特征和炎性因子作为炎症发生和发展的判断指标。用不同质量浓度(0、10、20、40、80 g/m L)的LTA对BMECs作用不同时间(12、24、48 h),采用MTT法检测细胞活力;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)快速检测奶牛肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和奶牛白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)的蛋白表达水平;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测炎性应答标志TNF-α和IL-1β基因的表达水平,以确定建立模型的最佳质量浓度与时间。结果表明,在体外培养的BMECs特异性蛋白——角蛋白18表达呈阳性;MTT、ELISA和qRT-PCR试验结果显示LTA质量浓度为40 g/m L时处理BMECs 24 h可明显提高TNF-α和IL-1β的蛋白和基因表达水平。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.