我国法庭科学实验室认可现状和发展趋势

随着全球经济一体化趋势的发展和国际贸易便利化的推动,世界各国的实验室认可和国际互认也呈现了强劲的发展势头,实验室认可作为一种国际公认的检测、校准能力的评价手段,也在经济和社会的各个行业和领域中得到普遍的应用。本文主要就实验室认可的概念、目的和意义,法庭科学的现状、法律环境及发展趋势进行介绍。     

从差异正义到综合正义——社会主义和谐社会视域下的治理原则探析

社会主义和谐社会的建构面临着社会结构由传统向现代的迈进、新旧全球化的转型、利益和阶层分化、文化的全球交融与冲突、各种意识形态纷争等多重视域,这说明我们构建的社会主义和谐社会不是同质化、静态和无矛盾的社会,而是差异性、动态和有矛盾的社会。差异性社会受差异性正义的调节和规导,但要实现社会和谐,必须在正义观上形成综合正义的基本共识。     

Peace or Justice? Transitional Justice in Afghanistan

The three decades of conflict in Afghanistan have taken thelives of more than a million people and the country and itspeople have suffered the gravest violations of human rights.There is a strong desire for justice among the Afghanis, butsince the fall of the Taliban, the transitional government withits base of international support has intentionally ignoredthe calls to deal with these past injustices. While Afghanistan has come a long way towards establishing democraticinstitutions, such as parliament, failure to deal with the crimesof the past threatens the legitimacy and democratic foundationof these institutions. The country has started on a path dealing with these past injusticesby conducting a comprehensive national consultation and developinga transitional justice strategy that is coherent, multidimensionaland based on the views of the public. The success of this resultingstrategy remains precarious, however, due to both the ongoinginsecurity in the country as well as its dependence upon theunreliable political will of Afghanistan's leadership.     

马克思主义公正观及其对实现社会公正的启示

我国社会主义核心价值观的确立离不开马克思主义公正观的指引。因此,正确地解读马克思主义公正观对于我国构建公平正义的和谐社会具有十分重要的指导意义。目前,我国正处在新的历史阶段,解决社会领域涌现出的不公正问题,实现社会公平正义是新时期全面建成小康社会的关键。因此,必须深入研究马克思主义公正观,促进经济持续稳定发展,全面深化政治改革,构建完备的社会管理体制,推动树立社会主义核心价值观。     

从作为公平的正义到基于道德性的正义

罗尔斯的正义理论并不是从原初状态出发,而是从更深的基础:人性的道德权利出发,进而来保证自由平等权利的赋予以及作为公平的正义的实现,从这个基础上来理解作为公平的正义实质上便是基于道德性的正义。     

Taxation and Distributive Justice

Distributive justice concerns the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of social cooperation. Opposition to higher rates of taxation, or even existing levels of taxation, is often made on grounds that such taxes are unfair burdens. This fairness argument can be given a number of further, more-specific formulations. Libertarians, such as Robert Nozick, argue that taxation of income is unfair because it violates individual rights. They invoke an entitlement argument that presumes that the appropriate baseline of property rights is pretax income . Others take issue with specific policies that are supported by taxation, such as welfare provisions, and argue that welfare reform is necessary because tax burdens are only legitimate when they satisfy some form of reciprocity thesis . These arguments are critically assessed here in relation to three recent books – The Cost of Rights , The Myth of Ownership and The Civic Minimum – which explore different arguments often invoked in defence of tax cuts. Themes that raise important questions about taxation and justice are also examined – private property, welfare reform and inheritance. The real challenge facing justice theorists is to take scarcity seriously; thus, I emphasise the shortcomings of simply endorsing a 'cost-blind', rights-oriented conception of justice, which currently dominates debates in normative political theory.     

Lament as Transitional Justice

Works of human rights literature help to ground the formal rights system in an informal rights ethos. Writers have developed four major modes of human rights literature as follows: protest, testimony, lament, and laughter. Through interpretations of poetry in Carolyn Forché’s anthology, Against Forgetting, and novels from Rwanda, the US, and Bosnia, I focus on the mode of lament, the literature of mourning. Lament is a social and ritualized form, the purposes of which are congruent with the aims of transitional justice institutions. Both laments and truth commissions employ grieving narratives to help survivors of human rights trauma bequeath to the ghosts of the past the justice of a monument while renewing the survivors’ capacity for rebuilding civil society in the future. Human rights scholars need a broader, extrajuridical meaning for “transitional justice” if we hope to capture its power.     

司法公正与效率

公正与效率问题,是当今社会政治、经济和伦理生活中的一个重大问题。能否解决好这个问题,关系到广大人民群众根本利益的实现,关系经济发展和社会稳定,关系社会主义政权的巩固。     

Kozarac School: A Window on Transitional Justice for Returnees

The majority Bosniak town of Kozarac, now within the entityof Republika Srpska (RS), is regarded as one of the most successfulreturnee communities in Bosnia. The ethnic cleansing that thetown endured in 1992 is gradually being reversed with the re-establishmentof civic life in the town. In this difficult process, educationis at the heart of the struggle for reconstruction and recognition.This article traces the development of the Kozarac primary schoolsince the end of the war. It highlights returnees’ experiencesand obstacles they have encountered in their attempt to restoreprimary school education for children in a divided and oftenhostile post-conflict society. It illustrates how the neglectof local authorities can undermine the process of educationalreform and perpetuate identity divisions into the next generation,rather than contribute to reconciliation. The article concludesby noting that more attention needs to be paid within transitionaljustice policies to the reform of both the structure and contentof educational institutions in order to contribute to sustainablecommunity-level reconciliation.     

论和谐社会的公正概念

公正作为一个社会制度的伦理评价标准,对于建设和谐社会具有重大的现实意义。社会主义建设的重要目标就是社会公正,然而,目前我国社会存在着诸多不公正因素和现象,因此从学理上梳清公正问题,就要结合当前的社会现实,从公正信仰、公正诉求、政治、经济、道德等层面来阐述这一重大问题,以便更好地构建和谐社会。     

Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change

Global climate change has important implications for the way in which benefits and burdens will be distributed amongst present and future generations. As a result it raises important questions of intergenerational justice. It is shown that there is at least one serious problem for those who wish to approach these questions by utilizing familiar principles of justice. This is that such theories often pre-suppose harm-based accounts of injustice which are incompatible with the fact that the very social policies which climatologists and scientists claim will reduce the risks of climate change will also predictably, if indirectly, determine which individuals will live in the future. One proposed solution to this problem is outlined grounded in terms of the notion of collective interests.     

公共行政中的社会正义

在公共行政中强调社会正义是当今国际社会的一个重要话语,由于中国近现代以前的政府行政过程中社会正义的色彩甚为淡漠,因此,具有普适性的社会正义观念对于中国公共行政具有深刻的现实意义.目前,社会正义在中国公共行政中难以通过制度性的规定体现在公共政策之中,其原因在于公共行政中的党政不分.在法制不完善的情况下,党政主要负责人个人的意愿很容易替代公众的愿望.此外,政府通常是依据红头文件来实施公共行政,在缺少不同意见时,如何体现社会正义是中国公共行政实施过程中需要认真考虑的问题.