Barriers to the strategic adoption of revolutionary manufacturing processes

This research examines the role of strategic barriers to the adoption of revolutionary new manufacturing processes in two American industries—primary textiles and steel. Based on the experiences of these sectors, two general conclusions are reached. First, the factors influencing strategic adoption of revolutionary processes can be classified into three categories: scale, vertical scope, and horizontal scope. Second, different strategic groups experience and encounter different barriers in the adoption of revolutionary technological processes.     

Analysis of the impurities in the methamphetamine synthesized by three different methods from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

Organic impurities of methamphetamine may show different patterns by synthesis. In the present study, we tried to find the impurities reflecting the conditions of synthesis by comparing impurity patterns of the methamphetamine samples synthesized by different methods. Sixteen methamphetamine samples were synthesized from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine by the three different manufacturing methods of Emde, Nagai and Moscow. The synthesized samples were extracted with ethyl acetate containing four internal standards, and the patterns of the organic impurities were investigated by GC-MS and GC-FID . Through the investigation, we found 10 peaks appearing in the latter part of GC chromatograms are characteristic to synthesis. The areas of the selected peaks were converted to the variables suitable for the statistical calculation, and the synthesized samples could be classified into four groups through the resultant cluster analysis.     

我国刑法应增设研发、生产、销售危害人体健康添加剂罪

"蛋白粉"、瘦肉精等危害人体健康的添加剂不属于食品,生产销售上述添加剂不能定性为生产销售有毒有害食品罪。研发、生产、销售危害人体健康的添加剂必须介入他人的有责行为才会发生危害社会结果,不宜定性为以危险方法危害公共安全罪。无相应合格产品存在或不属质量不合格的不能定性为生产销售伪劣产品罪。生产销售绝对不允许买卖产品不宜定性为非法经营罪,即使属于非法经营或生产销售伪劣产品也要达5万元以上才能入罪,无法规制会危害人体健康但数额未达5万元以上的行为。《刑法》规定的漏洞导致司法机关选择最相类似罪名定处有破坏罪刑法定原则的危险,故我国《刑法》应增设研发、生产、销售危害人体健康添加剂罪。     

长三角地区制造业集聚与转移分析

通过构建相关的定量测度模型,对长三角地区制造业集聚和转移状况进行实证分析,可以发现长三角地区制造业具有明显的集聚规模优势,并且正在不断得到强化.同时,制造业28个行业转移和集聚的情况又各有不同,可以分为4种类型.鉴此长三角地区在行业发展上应有所为有所不为,大力扩张优势行业和具有发展潜力的行业,强化集聚优势和技术优势,逐渐将劣势行业转移出去,与国内其它地区形成合理的专业化分工,以促进其制造业健康、稳定和可持续地发展.     

身份犯类型的学理探讨

身份犯是刑法中明文规定的由具有特定身份的犯罪主体进行的一类犯罪。根据主体身份对共同犯罪的刑事责任的影响 ,可以将身份犯分为纯正身份犯与不纯正身份犯 ;根据主体身份的形成原因 ,可以将身份犯分为自然身份犯与法定身份犯 ;根据主体身份的确定程度 ,可以将身份犯分为定式身份犯与不定式身份犯 ;根据刑法中规定的身份犯的犯罪构成要件的内容是否要求具有特定身份之主体去亲自实施 ,可以将身份犯划分为排他性身份犯和非排他性身份犯。     

A Simple and Effective Physical Characteristic Profiling Method for Methamphetamine Tablet Seized in China

Methamphetamine (MA) tablet production confers chemical and physical properties. This study developed a simple and effective physical characteristic profiling method for MA tablets with capital letter “WY” logos, which realized the discrimination between linked and unlinked seizures. Seventeen signature distances extracted from the “WY” logo were explored as factors for multivariate analysis and demonstrated to be effective to represent the features of tablets in the drug intelligence perspective. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate efficiency of different pretreatments and distance/correlation metrics, while “Standardization + Euclidean” and “Logarithm + Euclidean” algorithms outperformed the rest. Finally, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to the data set of 200 MA tablet seizures randomly selected from cases all around China in 2015, and 76% of them were classified into a group named after “WY‐001.” Moreover, the “WY‐001” tablets occupied 51–80% tablet seizures from 2011 to 2015 in China, indicating the existence of a huge clandestine factory incessantly manufacturing MA tablets.     

The Impact of Gravity-Weighted Knowledge Spillovers on Productivity in Manufacturing

This paper tests for localized knowledge spillovers from out-of-state innovations in U.S. manufacturing from 1977 to 1997. The source of these spillovers is innovations categorized into six technologies based on U.S. patent classes and patent data. Using a gravity-weighting for out-of-state innovations, knowledge spillovers are found from mechanical technologies and drug and medical technologies for a broad group of manufacturing industries. Innovations from chemical-related technologies are found to generate spillovers for the Chemical and Allied Products Industry and for the Transportation Equipment Industry. Additionally, specialization of production at the two-digit Standard Industrial Classification of industry level is also found to increase state-level productivity in manufacturing.     

Local politics, national policy, and the taxpayer-payback of manufacturing extension

Expansion of the manufacturing extension system, and consequent diversification of center models and services, suggest the evaluation system may need to expand its focus to take into account diverse program features and outcomes and the need to use evaluation data in different state political economy contexts. In the Wisconsin environment detailed here, demonstrating hard “taxpayer-payback” and shaping the politician's view of manufacturing extension as an “investment,” rather than as an “expenditure” item, may be important requirements for future in-state manufacturing extension funding. This article attempts to demonstrate empirically the taxpayer-payback outcomes to manufacturing extension activities, using representative corporation financial balance sheet data, along with field-credible scenarios about simulated extension service impacts on the balance sheets, and actual program service costs and fee levels. The implications of the analysis are explored both for program evaluation and the broader economic and political justification of manufacturing extension at state and national levels. the views expressed here are those of the author and do not reflect official policy of the National Institute for Standards and Technology. The author would like to thank Philip Shapira, Jan Youtie, Betsy Bury, Dan Luria, and participants at the 1996 NIST/Georgia Tech workshop on manufacturing modernization, for their comments and assistance.     

Does foreign investment enhance domestic manufacturing firms’ labour productivity? Evidence from a quantile regression approach

Economic Change and Restructuring - We provide new insights into the relationship between foreign investment and the labour productivity of domestic firms in the Vietnamese manufacturing industry....     

清代法律和司法实践对共同谋杀之首犯与从犯的认定

根据清律＂谋杀人＂条,按照其在共同谋杀中的作用,共同谋杀的犯罪人被分为首犯和从犯两类,其中从犯又分为加功者、不加功者和从而不行者三种。同时,清律中所附的明代万历十五年条例对区分各共同犯罪人特别是从而加功者与从而不加功者作了严格的限定,即＂助殴伤重者＂方以加功论。但是这一认定加功的标准在司法实践中并未得到遵守。官员们认定加功与否的标准多与清初律学家沈之奇的观点一致。道光五年对万历十五年条例中规定的加功的认定标准进行了修改,即将＂助殴伤重＂改为＂下手助殴＂。直到清末的《大清现行刑律》,该条例中规定的造意与加功的认定标准等未再改变。需要指出的是,清律中总则部分＂共犯罪分首从＂条与分则部分＂谋杀人＂条中关于首犯与从犯的区分标准及处罚原则不统一的情形并非孤例。而自民国以来,我国刑法中关于共同犯罪人的区分与处罚原则又各有变化。     

Redistributing the energy tax burden in the Philippines

This paper uses an aggregate modelling approach to assess the impacts of a redistribution of the taxes and duties that currently exist on crude oil and refined petroleum products on the Philippine economy. The approach used in the analysis consists of a general equilibrium model composed of fourteen producing sectors, fifteen consuming sectors, three household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of replacing the taxes and duties on crude oil and refined petroleum products with a more broad based tax on manufacturing and service sectors output on prices and quantities are examined. The results are revealing. For example, the consequences of redistributing the tax burden away from petroleum products to the manufacturing and service sectors of the Philippine economy will be an increase in output by all producing sectors of about 3.5 percent or about 2.4 hundred billion Philippine pesos, a rise in the consumption of goods and services by about 6.1 percent or 1.6 hundred billion Philippine pesos, a rise in total utility by 6.9 or 1.9 hundred billion Philippine pesos, and virtually no change in tax revenue for the government. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities. That is, while the model's equilibrium values do vary in response to different assumptions of the values of these elasticities, the fluctuations are not so enormous to suggest that the model is unrealistically sensitive to these parameters.     

Medical devices; current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) final fule; quality system regulation--FDA. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is revising the current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements for medical devices and incorporating them into a quality system regulation. The quality system regulation includes requirements related to the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, designing, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, storing, installing, and servicing of medical devices intended for human use. This action is necessary to add preproduction design controls and to achieve consistency with quality system requirements worldwide. This regulation sets forth the framework for device manufacturers to follow and gives them greater flexibility in achieving quality requirements.     

The development of analytical and interpretational protocols to facilitate the provenance establishment of polycarbonate headlamp lens material

Despite the forensic significance of polycarbonate headlamp lenses, robust analytical protocols to facilitate their discrimination are scarce. In this study, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been applied to the analysis of polycarbonate headlamp lenses with multivariate chemometrics techniques utilized to facilitate interpretation of the data. The analytical protocol involves the analysis of 46 analytes on material comprising the exterior surface of the lens. Using this data, it was found that although minor variation exists within a single headlamp lens, discrimination between lenses produced from a single manufacturing plant was still possible using iterative forward stepwise linear discriminant analysis processes. Discrimination between all headlamp lenses, with the exception of some lenses produced on the same day in a single plant, could be achieved using the analytical protocol. Furthermore, an interpretational protocol has been developed that has successfully classified all tested headlamp lens samples, within the discrimination limits of the analytical method.     

危险犯的形态及其法条适用

危险犯是既遂犯的通说观点存在诸多缺陷,因而不可取。由于在主观方面可以将行为人的故意分为危险故意和实害故意,在客观方面可以将危害结果分为危险结果与实害结果,因此,简单地认为危险犯是相应侵害犯的未遂形态或者说危险犯包括侵害犯的预备、未遂和中止三种形态的看法也不尽合理。对于危险犯的形态问题及其法条适用应当通过具体分析后再确定。     

Radiology devices; classifications for five medical image management devices--FDA. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is classifying five radiology devices that provide functions related to medical image communication, storage, processing, and display into class I (general controls) or class II (special controls). The medical image storage device and medical image communications device are classified into class I, and they are exempted from the requirement of premarket notification when they do not use irreversible compression. The medical image digitizer, the medical image hardcopy device, and the picture archiving and communications system are classified into class II. These actions are being taken under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 and the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990.     

行政法视角下的行政决策

在我国,行政决策通常属于行政学的研究范畴,其特点表现在主体、目标、对象以及责任承担上。行政决策与法律、政策有着不同的内涵和外延。由于行政决策的作出实质上是公权力的行使,对公众之间的权利义务会产生直接的影响,因此行政决策应当受到行政法之约束,并且应当纳入行政法学的研究范畴。基于自身的多样性,对属于行政行为范畴的行政决策应当以行政法原理进行约束;对目前不能纳入行政行为的可用政策和程序加以规范。     

Classification of counterfeit coins using multivariate analysis with X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence methods

Counterfeit coins (277 samples) were analyzed by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods without any pretreatment. The counterfeit coins were clearly classified into two groups using cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) for XRD peak patterns. One group (250 samples) was made by a pressed method and another one (27 samples) was made by a nickel-plated method. Using four elements (Cu, Ni, Fe and Zn) and obtaining XRF for 257 samples, they could be divided into four groups by CA. On the other hand, they were classified into five groups using their diameter, thickness, weight, density, density/thickness and density/weight. The latter classification method would suggest something of a change in the process of the pressed method.     

Computer aided manufacturing technology transfer needs in Florida

Automation and computers could improve the profitability of a manufacturing organization. While automation is primarily used to perform physical manufacturing tasks, computers are used for both information-type tasks and physical manufacturing tasks. If the manufacturing operations and personnel, as well as the flow of information, material, and energy, could be integrated to perform well-planned sequences of tasks to manufacture families of products in cells, the rewards would be enhanced profitability, quality, and safety. Such an integration is generally termed “computer-integrated manufacturing” (CIM). This paper summarizes a survey designed to determine the current and future service/training needs in CIM-related technologies of Florida manufacturing industries. It also identifies a role for a technology transfer center in offering training/technical services in CIM or related technologies to these companies.     

Identification of pressure-sensitive adhesive polypropylene tape

Identification of colorless, transparent, pressure-sensitive adhesive polypropylene tape (PP tape) was performed using infrared absorption spectrometry (IR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to determine the pressure-sensitive adhesive. Twenty different products of colorless, transparent PP tapes were examined in this study, and the results of analysis of IR spectra and Py-GC/MS were classified into twelve groups. In addition, the tapes were classified into 14 groups on the basis of IR measurement of release agent present in the backside. The results indicate that colorless, transparent PP tapes can be distinguished in terms of manufacturer, thereby demonstrating that this method of identifying colorless, transparent PP tape is effective. Moreover, the method was applied to the analysis of an actual forensic sample.