Protection against Unfair Contracts: An Economic Analysis of European Regulation

After considering the possible outcomes that may result from the interaction between potential contract parties, this paper discusses potential causes of inefficiency and investigates how the law affects conditions that would give rise to inefficiency. The analysis is focussed on the European regulation of standard form contracts. This regulation implies that unfair terms in standard form contracts are unenforceable in Member States of the European Community, and can be interpreted as a measure to curtail the adverse selection problem that originates in the fact that contract parties may use standard form contracts. This paper investigates the welfare implication of this protection against unfair contracts.     

Violence against Women in Scandinavia: a Description and Evaluation of two new Laws Aiming to Protect Women

Violence against women by a present or former male partner has over the last decade been given a higher priority in the political discussion in all of the Scandinavian countries. Increasingly, violence in intimate relationships is viewed as a public rather than a private matter in these countries. With this change in attitudes and levels of political interest, higher expectations are placed on official authorities, including the criminal justice system, to deal actively with this social problem. In all of the Scandinavian countries it may, for example, be decided by a prosecutor that a woman should be protected from a man by issuing a restraining order. Moreover, a new offence called ‘gross violation of a woman's integrity’ was introduced into the Swedish penal code in 1998. With this offence, less serious but repeated violent acts committed by a man against a present or former female partner are to be judged as one serious offence. The stipulated sanction for this offence is imprisonment between 6 months and 6 years. The purpose of this article is to evaluate how the police, the prosecutors and the courts deal with this new offence. The article also present results from an evaluation of restraining orders in Sweden.     

纠纷解决与权力监督的平衡——解读行政诉讼法上的纠纷解决目的

"纠纷解决目的"是行政诉讼法从民事诉讼领域引入的立法目的价值,旨在于扩张行政诉讼机制的纠纷解决功能,为行政诉讼的协调和解程序提供法理支持,但是,行政诉讼领域的纠纷解决具有其自身的特殊含义,而且与行政诉讼固有的"权力监督"之间存在着内在的紧张关系。通过调和"纠纷解决"和"权力监督"的这种紧张关系,可以反省行政诉讼制度在满足"纠纷解决目的"功能实现上的界限,设定行政诉讼协调和解制度的合法性边界,从而更好地确保公民权利保护的实效性。     

情事变更制度在与离婚相关的财产协议中的参照适用——以婚前协议为例

基于与离婚相关的财产协议本身所具有的特殊性和情事变更制度的规范意旨,在与离婚相关的财产协议中引入情事变更制度是十分必要的。《民法典》第464条第2款为在与离婚相关的财产协议中参照适用合同编的情事变更制度提供了规范基础。在参照适用情事变更制度时,需要把握与离婚相关的财产协议的家庭伦理属性及该种协议相较于一般商业交易协议的不同特点,对情事变更的构成要件和法律效果进行有针对性的法律解释。情事变更制度在参照适用于与离婚相关的财产协议时,主要存在以下值得探讨的事由类型:子女出生;一方因残疾或严重疾病丧失劳动能力;一方经济能力大幅变化。据此,可以分别针对协议中的离婚财产分割、家务劳动补偿和经济帮助条款总结出情事变更制度参照适用的可能性。