对美国国会议员选择倾向台湾立场的动机分析

运用心理学关于动机分析的理论，就美国国会议员选择倾向台湾立场的动机一题，依照内在起因、外在诱因及自我意识调节的过程展开分析。借鉴“人情与面子”模型分析美国国会议员与台湾当局的互动。分析表明美国国会议员在没有请托情况下，会根据历史经验、价值观念、角色需要及利益原则主动做出一些倾向台湾的举动。在接受请托后，国会亲台议员与台湾的关系从工具性关系向情感性关系转化。转化的程度取决于请托的力度、议员对双方关系的重新定位以及对接受请托风险的评估。台湾方面对其国际形象的整饰以及美国舆论环境也帮助议员完成心理测适。     

国家共同体应对公共卫生突发事件的精神生命力量

新冠肺炎是一场突如其来的公共卫生突发事件.这一公共危机事件应该被纳入到国家共同体建设的政治哲学范畴当中加以研究.马克思的历史唯物主义原理为审视国家共同体应对公共卫生突发事件提供了政治哲学原理.马克思的“类本质”思想是国家共同体应对公共卫生突发事件的理论基础.当公共卫生突发事件对国家共同体安全构成威胁的时候,就变成了公共...     

弱势群体对我国政治稳定的影响

当下的弱势群体对我国的政治稳定虽不会造成直接的威胁,但对政治稳定的影响却不可低估。倘若存在于弱势群体之中的现有矛盾不能得到及时的纾解,则将对我国的政治稳定构成直接威胁。弱势群体的大量存在削弱了国家的凝聚力和整合力;存在于弱势群体之中的越轨行为破坏了正常的社会秩序,影响到政治稳定。     

Doctoral Education in Clinical-Community Psychology

SUMMARY

This paper provides an overview of doctoral clinical-community psychology programs and highlights some possible future directions in training. Clinical-community doctoral programs were categorized as: (1) formally labeled clinical-community programs, (2) clinical programs with a formal community track, or (3) clinical programs with an informal community emphasis. Many graduates from these programs obtain a basic understanding and appreciation of community psychology through required or elective courses, and through contact with students and faculty involved in community research and action. Those students who focus their research and electives around community psychology obtain a thorough and in-depth training experience in community research and action. Changes precipitated by managed care will challenge current ways that psychological services are provided allowing for more community based, innovative, and preventive approaches for which community psychology training would be particularly useful. Greater flexibility in APA accreditation guidelines provide opportunities for greater flexibility within clinical-community programs. Doctoral programs in clinical-community psychology are positioned to lead the development of a public health and human service approach to doctoral training through the integration of community and clinical psychology.     

A Community Service for a Rural High School

Abstract

This case study illustrates a preventive consultation using the ecological paradigm to guide entry, assessment, problem solving, and collaborative intervention design and implementation in a rural high school which initially had serious reservations about working with urban academicians. The ecological paradigm's emphasis on the identification of resources, on collaborative work with community members, and on developing tailored solutions based on the strengths of the setting are discussed. A four year follow-up describing the long-term outcome and commentary from a key setting member are included.     

Rapid Assessment Procedures

SUMMARY

Given the racialization of subjective, material and historical realities in South Africa, psychological training and practice in community raise crucial and often thorny ethical, epistemological and methodological questions. This article appraises the strengths and limitations of using Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) (Afonja, 1992) in the field training of postgraduate students in community-counseling psychology. Rooted in an activist participatory action research framework (Lykes, 1997), RAP provide a framework for the collective exploration of locally constructed representations of a community's needs and resources; joining the ‘community’ (negotiating a dialogical form of communication and a respect for the insider-outsider dialectic); working through one's ‘situated otherness’; and deracializing psychological training and practice.     

Environmental approaches and prevention: The dangers of imprecision

Abstract

This paper urges environmental psychologists to adopt an “empiricist stance” as they focus their field's expertise on issues related to prevention in mental health. Criteria for such a stance are presented which presume that preventive interventions evolve sequentially from a program of research which clarifies the nature, epidemiology, etiological mechanisms and natural history of the mental illness or psychological dysfunction to be prevented. The rationale for this stance is based on empirical, political and ethical grounds. The applicability of this stance to the current status of the emerging field of environmental approaches to prevention in mental health is reviewed specifically in relation to the contributions to the special issue of Prevention in Human Services.     

Reactions to collective stress: Correlates of active citizen participation at love canal

Abstract

Events at Love Canal, beginning in the spring of 1978, are described as an environmental crisis leading to acute collective stress. As the crisis unfolded, Love Canal residents’ perceptions of the situation, and the actions they took, were monitored through interviews with a sample of 58 families in fall, 1978. Of these, 39 were reinterviewed in spring, 1979. Among interviewed families, 24 (41%) had at least one “activist” member, someone who became personally involved in a community organization formed to help resolve the crisis. This study compares the social characteristics of “activist families” with “non‐activist families,” their Love Canal‐related problems, sources of help, and general views of the impacts on their personal lives, and on interpersonal relations. Activists relied on government and crisis‐related organizations for help, while non‐activists had more family support. Neither group utilized the mental health services provided by the community's “crisis center.” Activists felt better about themselves, and had a stronger feeling of personal efficacy in affecting government decisions. They perceived that the crisis had brought about positive personal changes, and changes in relations with others. The major implication for intervention is that several different approaches to assisting members of a community in crisis must be undertaken.     

建设社会主义政治文明——从“两个文明”到“三个文明”的发展

论文回顾了社会主义政治文明提出的历程 ,阐述了物质文明、精神文明和政治文明的划分与社会实践领域的一一对应关系 ,说明了其三位一体的关系实质 ,最后 ,就对新时期如何建设有中国特色社会主义政治文明作出了初步的思考。     

Performance of Breast Self-Exam

SUMMARY

Breast cancer is a significant health threat for women and is currently the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. When breast cancer is diagnosed early in the disease process, the probability of survival is quite high, but when diagnosis is made at a later stage, mortality increases dramatically. Thus, early detection is crucial, and monthly breast self-exam (BSE) is recommended for all women over the age of 20. Despite this recommendation, adherence to BSE guidelines is quite low. The current study investigated the role of perceived susceptibility to breast cancer as it relates to the performance of BSE among a sample of community women. As hypothesized, a significant interaction between perceived susceptibility and age was found such that perceived susceptibility was significantly positively related to BSE performance for older women but was not related to BSE performance among younger women. Although there are certainly other variables associated with BSE performance, the implications of this particular finding for the design of interventions to increase BSE performance are discussed.     

公民参与和社区治理——兼论当前农村社区治理中的村民参与问题及相应对策

公民参与是检验地方治理水平的重要标志。社区居民的参与程度直接影响到社区治理的绩效。当前农村社区村民参与公共产品建设的过程中存在诸多问题,主要表现为有序参与意识贫困化,参与行为的边缘化、非制度化和无序化,不仅严重影响了公共产品的建设成效,而且严重影响了农村社区的稳定与和谐。所以,必须不断完善农村社区公共产品建设中参与制度,提高村民的制度化参与水平,保证农村社区公共产品建设成效和社区的稳定与和谐。     

The inner “I”

SUMMARY

Many community psychologists have the educational and professional backgrounds which make them potentially valuable resources for the disabilities field. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the reauthorized Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) call for greater community inclusion, empowerment, and self-determination for persons with disabilities. Community psychologists with interests in these concepts, as well as in interdisciplinary training, collaboration, community-driven research, and political action are needed as leaders in the disabilities field. This paper explores the development of one community psychologist's career working with persons who have disabilities and the institutions that support them.     

Empowerment in a Religious Setting

Abstract

This study examines the correlates and contexts of empowerment among members of a Christian, nondenominational religious setting. The research approach combines participant-observation and measurement development methodology to capture the empowering aspects of religious experience in a form which lends itself to quantitative analysis, without excessive loss of the phenomenological meaning ofthat experience. The criterion of empowerment is progress toward a salient goal of members-interpersonal behavior change in the direction of group ideals (i.e., in the direction of becoming more like Jesus). Present and retrospective past measurement of perceived interpersonal behavior yielded eight predictor variables from member peer, self-report, and interviewer sources. These variables include religious orientation, locus of control. spiritual experience, group involvement, and religious history. The relationship of the predictors to interpersonal behavior change was assessed in canonical correlation analyses. Results from multiple data sources find that those seen by themselves and by others as empowered are committed to a relationship with God and with others in the setting. They may be described, in part, as experiencing a “psychological sense of community.” In addition, they report a life crisis prior to joining the setting and a sense that God is in control of the events of their life. Follow-up data, three years later, finds a relationship between commitment and life satisfaction. Two years of participant-observation provide hypotheses, consistent with several psychological theories, for suggesting salient setting variables which provide a context for understanding the results.     

The role of prevention in technological catastrophe

Abstract

This paper discusses the potential for and problems inherent in the prevention of stress resulting from technological catastrophe. Baum, Fleming, and Davidson's (1983) characterization of technological disaster is reviewed. These accidents, which involve the breakdown or failure of human‐made systems, differ from other types of disaster in their psychological impact. These differences are particularly important in accidents involving hazardous substances including radiation and chemical toxins. The continuing threat of future illness resulting from exposure to radiation and toxins contributes to feelings of uncertainty; and the fact that the accident resulted from a failure of human‐made systems means it is likely to be perceived as a loss rather than a lack of control. Because of their unique features, technological catastrophies are likely to result in long term effects including chronic stress in exposed populations. Because failures of human‐made systems would be prevented if the problem was foreseen and preventable, prevention concerns center around reducing stress where possible. Three domains of prevention activity are described. First, assessments aimed at predicting the stress inducing and reducing impact of intervention strategies can contribute to decisions about how to handle the accident once it has occurred. Second, some of the policy implications of these events are described. Finally, the ethics of stress reducing interventions in settings where a real danger is present are discussed.     

Perceptions of Risk Factors for School Violence

Abstract

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI, 2000) recently released a report on common background characteristics of school shooters, which also stressed the importance of evaluating the reality of threat. The present study evaluated respondents' ability to discriminate between an unrealistic and a realistic threat and between a low and high risk level based on the FBI's background profile characteristics as well as to determine attitudes about whether some intervention was necessary. Respondents completed one of four randomly distributed vignettes, which differed in a 2 × 2 design (high vs. low background risk × realistic vs. unrealistic threat). These vignettes described a student who made a threatening statement regarding a teacher. Respondents then rated the student' level of risk for violence and indicated the degree to which they would intervene. Results revealed that, in keeping with the FBI guidelines, both reality of threat and background risk characteristics significantly influenced respondents' perceived risk for violence and need to intervene. Implications for educational settings and future research are discussed.     

The ‘China Threat’ through the Lens of US Print Media: 1992–2006

China scholars have examined the ‘China threat’ theory from various theoretical perspectives, offered a range of explanations for the theory's emergence and forecast the potential implications for US–China relations. However, few scholars have empirically studied the ‘China threat’ theory through the lens of the US media. This is a critical oversight, because the media plays a pivotal role in shaping US public opinion and US foreign policy, and the media is a key channel for ‘China threat’ dissemination and popularization. This study seeks to redress this oversight by empirically examining ‘China threat’ coverage in the US print media over a 15-year period from 1992 to 2006. We use content-analysis methodology to systematically collect, code and analyze ‘China threat’ data from five major US newspapers and to track the frequency and content of this coverage over time.

Our analysis reveals many interesting patterns in ‘China threat’ media coverage. First, the initial emergence of ‘China threat’ arguments in the US print media corresponded with the sharp upward turn in China's economic growth rates in the early 1990s. However, since the early 1990s, ‘China threat’ coverage has not mirrored China's steady growth. Rather, the media coverage was cyclic, featuring three key peaks (1996, 2000 and 2005) followed by subsequent declining interest. Second, our analysis reveals that the focus of these stories also varied over time. Perceptions of China as a political/ideological threat dominated media coverage in the earlier years (1992–1994) but steadily declined after 1995 and totally disappeared from the US print media after 2001. Perceptions of China as a military/strategic threat replaced political/ideological concerns in 1995, and the military focus has dominated media coverage ever since. Perceptions of China as an economic/trade threat persisted steadily throughout the 15-year time period with a clear uptick in recent years. We conclude this analysis by turning to the literature on realism, agenda setting and information processing to offer possible explanations for these empirical trends.     

思想政治工作要重视情绪、情感的研究

在思想政治工作中情绪、情感并非是人的单纯心理的体验形式 ,它的激活与发动 ,与社会因素密切关联。情绪、情感具有紊乱性、波动性、突发性等非理性特征 ,是对对象的感受、体验和心情 ,是对象引起的主体在感情上的反应。分析和研究人的情绪、情感有助于从思维模式方面 ,拓展思想政治工作研究的新领域 ,丰富思想政治工作研究的内容 ,为思想政治工作原则提供理论支撑。     

关于公安队伍正规化建设的分析——基于心理契约的视角

警察是一种高风险、高压力、高负荷的特殊职业,影响了公安民警的心理健康,进而影响公安队伍正规化建设的因素不断增加。提高公安队伍的整体素质,要求公安民警需要具备相应的工作能力,尤其要使每个公安民警具有将个人努力奉献给合作团队的意愿,而形成这种意愿的前提就是增强组织与公安民警个体之间心理契约的契合度。把握好心理契约的契合度,对公安队伍的正规化建设有十分重要的现实意义。     

Organization and Leadership in the Participatory Community

Abstract

Participation is a community mobilization process which develops in relation to its internal and external conditions. Two of the most salient internal conditions due to their importance for the development of community participation (CP) are the organization and the leadership adopted by participants throughout the participatory project. That is, the community constructs along its self-management process, the particularities that those conditions should have, so that they correspond with the meaning of participation orienting it and with the characteristics of the goals the community attempts to achieve. It is argued that organization and leadership develop in the participatory community not only as related conditions, as they jointly influence CP, but as two conditions which mutually influence one another, so that the definition the community makes of one of them converges with the definition of the other one. That relationship is examined taking as illustration a case study of CP which has a successful history of seventeen years of continued participation.     

Prevention of Victimization

SUMMARY

Children are frequently exposed to violence at school or in their neighborhood, resulting in multiple negative psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, isolation, hopelessness, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The present study evaluated the unique prevention program implemented in inner city parks designed to prevent the development of short- and long-term consequences of exposure to chronic violence. Results indicated that participants benefited significantly from the program, as evidenced by a decrease in endorsement of submissive conflict resolution strategies and behavioral problems. Higher self-esteem was related to increased program gains. Gender emerged as another moderator, while age was unrelated to improvement.