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1.
ABSTRACTPolicies on transnational labor migration do not consider workers' needs as parents or the rights and welfare of their children, including a child's right to an official identity through birth registration. A study of birth-registration decision making by migrant parents in Lombok, Indonesia underscored the need for targeted responses to uniquely challenging circumstances and priorities of migrant parents. Free birth registration through birthing and health centers and village-level leaders can overcome problems of decentralized implementation of national strategies and an exploitive registration brokerage industry, mitigating risks of de facto statelessness for children and a multigenerational pattern of undocumented and unsafe migration. 相似文献
2.
Teri L. Caraway 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2010,45(2):225-249
Since the 1980s, de jure labor standards have improved in Northeast and Southeast Asia and de jure labor market flexibility
has decreased. For most countries in the region, however, de facto labor standards are much worse than de jure standards,
and de facto flexibility is much higher than de jure flexibility. International pressure has rarely produced meaningful change
in either labor standards or labor market flexibility. Authoritarian regimes have proven the most immune to international
pressures to improve labor standards and to increase labor market flexibility. The most significant improvements to labor
standards usually follow democratization, with international influences working in tandem with domestic pressures. International
actors have had little effect on improving labor standards in semi-democracies, with the exception of Cambodia, but progress
there depended on a carrot, not a stick. Demands by the international financial institutions to increase labor market flexibility
have been minimal, with the notable exception of South Korea. Both democracies and authoritarian regimes have adopted laws
that reduce labor market flexibility, and domestic political concerns rather than international influences were the primary
driving force. 相似文献
3.
Linda J. Cook 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2010,45(2):170-197
This paper examines changes in labor markets and labor rights for 13 post-communist states of East Central Europe and the
Former Soviet Union. It focuses on the simultaneous pressures to increase the flexibility of labor markets and improve labor
standards in the years since the collapse of communism. Comparative measures and patterns of both de jure and de facto standards
and flexibility are presented, and the roles of key institutional promoters of change are analyzed. I find that a combination
of democratic regime type and European Union accession has pulled East European states toward the strengthening of collective
labor rights. The effect is strongest on the states that joined the EU in 2004, weaker for those joining in 2007, while the
three post-Soviet, non-accession states remain significantly more labor-repressive. Labor market flexibilization has been
a more uniform trend in the post-communist region. In the context of this project’s inter-regional comparisons, contemporary
Eastern Europe has the strongest labor rights. At the same time, the decline of trade unions and limits of collective bargaining
in most post-communist states undermine the effectiveness of transposed EU legislation and bargaining institutions in empowering
labor. As shown by the exceptional case of Slovenia, strong unions are necessary to fully enforce rights. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of immigrant & refugee studies》2013,11(4):3-18
Abstract A peripheral West European country with a medium-sized population, Portugal experienced since the late 1990s a radical change in its migration trends, with growing and constant immigration flows. Not only the number of legal immigrants duplicated, but also the profile of immigrants changed and diversified. As a result, Portugal's public policies were challenged, and new social questions emerged. In particular, both public and private bodies have to deal with an increasing segmentation of the composition of immigration and of the labor market employing immigrants. Portugal still has not opted clearly for a model of immigration, and adaptation to these changes promises not to be easy, especially because the Portuguese society is simultaneously facing tensions deriving from its own 相似文献
5.
《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(7):885-900
ABSTRACT This study investigates the formulation, implications and challenges of Kuwait's employment policy. It postulates that since this policy is designed to secure employment opportunities to all Kuwaitis in the public sector, the government has, for long, acted as employer of first and last resort for Kuwaiti natives with the result that the labor market has been segmented, labor has been misallocated, government wage bill has been escalated and the educational process has been distorted. This policy, however, cannot be sustainable in either the medium or the longer term. In the face of this, effective measures have to be taken to enhance the employment of Kuwaitis in the private sector. 相似文献
6.
Shelene Gomes 《African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal》2018,11(1):51-68
ABSTRACTThis life-history examines the return migration of Meseret, an Ethiopian woman in her twenties, from Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia as a domestic worker. Meseret's successful labor migration is contextualized in hierarchical local and global economic and political structures as well as her personal goals and familial strategies for betterment or socio-economic improvement. An initial comparison will be made between Meseret's natal family and her affinal Rastafari family (her husband's family) in the Jamaica Safar or Jamaica neighborhood of Shashemene in Ethiopia in terms of livelihood, gender roles, mobility, and status. Meseret's high status as a returnee in urban Ethiopia will be juxtaposed against the low value still accorded to women's paid and unpaid domestic and care work in destination and origin countries. Recognizing structural factors and migrants' subjectivities enriches both qualitative and quantitative analyses, and has the potential to provide the groundwork for equitable migration and labor policies. 相似文献
7.
Faiz Omar Mohammad Jamie Anwar Hassan Tsega 《African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal》2016,9(2):214-227
ABSTRACTInternational labor migration is one of the most salient features of the modern globalized world. However, the phenomenon has its roots in some earlier periods in human history. Africa is traditionally a sending continent of all types of migrations, voluntary or forced. This study examines the above-mentioned issues through the mounting phenomenon of migration of single independent women in search for better economic, social, or political conditions across the boundaries of their home countries. In the past, African women migrants were only spouses or dependent family members. But as modernity swept most African societies, with rising unemployment rates, there is evidence everywhere in Africa that women labor migration is a growing phenomenon that deserves to be understood in the context of current gender-related research. This work explores these issues further, focusing on the experience of Ethiopian women labor migrants to Kuwait, within Gulf Cooperation Council, an area with a shared socio-economic background. In addition to numerous difficulties already facing labor migrants, Ethiopian women suffered greater degrees of gender-based violence, underpayment, and trafficking, to mention only few aspects of human rights violations. This situation could be attributed to the fact that most of these women fall under the category of unskilled and/or illiterate migrants, as irregular migrants who are employed within the private sector, outside the purview any legal or labor regulatory authorities. 相似文献
8.
Abstract This paper studies the effects of capital and labor mobility on real wages across Mexican states for the period 1997–2006. Employing dynamic panel data methods, we find: (1) strong positive effects on real wages from foreign direct investment (FDI) and from migration; (2) domestic and foreign migration provide similar wage effects; and (3) alternative partitions indicate that real wages are more sensitive to FDI-related fluctuations across states with relatively lower wages and migration levels. Overall, these results provide support that real wages respond positively to fluctuations in capital flows and labour movements as predicted from the theory. 相似文献
9.
AbstractThe great migration from Chinese farms to cities during the past several decades ranks among the most economically consequential of modern population movements. We use a national sample of rice-producing Chinese households to examine the effects of that migration on agricultural production. Our assessment involves evaluating four alternative theories of labour market equilibrium in the framework of an expanded agricultural household model. Migration’s farm production impacts appear to be slight, not on account of farm labour market perfections or remittance-financed technological improvements, but by substituting a reduction in leisure and other low-return activities for lost labour. 相似文献
10.
Helena Hof 《Journal of immigrant & refugee studies》2020,18(3):286-299
AbstractThis article examines young Europeans’ emigration from Europe. Qualitative interviews with mostly white Europeans in Singapore and Tokyo reveal how these young migrants’ motility, or “potential to move”, enables them to migrate through largely overlooked channels. Fear of immobility in Europe triggers these highly-educated Europeans’ existential and physical mobility to Asia where they compete with host-country nationals and non-white migrants for jobs. Categorization into three types of access to employment unpacks the complexity behind graduates’ mobility trajectories out of the European labor market and demonstrates their rising precariousness in post-Lehman shock Europe and their changing bargaining power in the world. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACTGiven the limited knowledge about the effect of contextual factors of organizational ownership types on emotional labor, this research addresses two main questions: (1) whether emotional labor varies among organizations with different ownership types; and (2) whether emotional labor and emotional intelligence relate to job performance in different ways in public and private organizations. This paper examines the research questions with 306 self-report questionnaires from the public sector, domestic privately-owned enterprises and foreign-invested firms in China. Significant differences were found in the emotional labor reported in public and private organizations. Overall, emotional labor was found to have a significant effect on in-role performance, and emotional intelligence moderated the link between emotional labor and job performance in public organizations, but not in private organizations. 相似文献
12.
Barbara Stallings 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2010,45(2):127-150
This paper is the introduction to a SCID special issue on “Global Pressures, National Response, and Labor Rights in Developing
Countries.” We focus on the potentially conflicting demands that developing countries face from international institutions
for better labor standards versus more labor flexibility. This is studied through a comparative analysis of four regions:
Eastern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and the Middle East. The major international institutions we examine are the International
Labor Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, bilateral and plurilateral trade agreements, and multinational
corporations. This introductory paper presents a review of existing literature on labor standards and labor flexibility with
particular focus on the role of international institutions in promoting the two processes and their impact on labor market
outcomes. It also describes our project and its contribution to the debates, including a discussion of our main methodological
innovation, namely, the construction of new indices for labor standards and flexibility. In empirical terms, it compares the
indices across the four regions and provides an analysis of the impact of the indices on labor market outcomes. 相似文献
13.
Zahlan AB 《Third world quarterly》1984,6(4):981-992
Some aspects of modern labor migration to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East are considered. Data on international labor migration among the countries of the region in 1980 are presented. The qualifications of the expatriate labor forces are then examined, and the stability and uncertainties of the labor market are discussed. The political implications of such migration for both host and sending countries are also considered. 相似文献
14.
Alexander Kondakov 《欧亚研究》2017,69(8):1222-1241
AbstractMigration policy in Russia is implemented by a variety of actors, such as state officials, market actors, and social activists. In the implementation of migration policy, they inevitably interact with one another. Having examined the categories used by the people involved in the implementation of migration policy, I explore the potential of coalition-building in this process. In order to scrutinise these fluid political forms, I make use of the concept of ‘queer coalitions’. This concept draws on literature in queer theory, which I argue is also productive for the analysis of current political actions in the migration domain. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of immigrant & refugee studies》2013,11(1):59-77
Abstract The globalization of international labor migration is manifest in all countries now engaging in migration systems that are growing in size and complexity and producing an increasing diversity of flows. Furthermore, many of the processes that create and drive these systems operate on a worldwide basis, the consequence of economic globalization, capital mobility and widespread realization by governments that human resources can be traded for profit like any other resource. This paper looks at Ghana's immigration policy in the light of its economic situation. It characterizes Ghana's immigration policy as geared towards using immigration to attract critical foreign investment, transfer of technology and human resource capital/skills for socio-economic development. Running concurrently is the policy to prevent illegal immigration, transnational crime, economic exploitation, social corruption and human trafficking. The paper concludes that when the economic situation of Ghana was buoyant in the 1960s it attracted many immigrants especially from neighboring West African countries, however when the country's economy saw a down turn, immigrants were used as a convenient scapegoat and many were expelled. The irony though is that while the current poor economic situation of Ghana has made Ghanaians to immigrate to other countries, the political stability of the country does attract other West Africans and non-Africans and it is affording the country the opportunity to streamline its immigration and citizenship laws. 相似文献
16.
Shaohua Zhan Lingli Huang 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2013,48(1):81-111
This paper challenges and complements the view, widely held in sociological labor studies, that incomplete proletarianization weakens labor’s bargaining power in the city by allowing capital to externalize the costs of labor reproduction to the countryside. The authors argue instead that the preservation of migrant workers’ links to the rural economy plus rural development measures can, under certain circumstances, empower labor by increasing their marketplace bargaining power. Beginning with the puzzle of migrant labor shortages in China, and based on national data and a case study, the authors show that access to land and pro-rural state policies in the first decade of the twenty-first century together stimulated rural development in hinterland China and created more employment opportunities in agricultural and local nonfarm sectors. As a consequence, rural (migrant) laborers in China were able to rely on rural employment and choose not to participate in labor migration, thus contributing to the labor shortage and pressing employers in the city to increase wage rates and improve working and living conditions. 相似文献
17.
Martha Thomas 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2013,48(4):482-502
This article examines the impact European Union (EU) policies have on internal migration in Poland. It argues that the EU indirectly through its cohesion funding and internal market policies creates push and pull incentives that affect internal migration. It focuses on the impact of three EU regulated factors: foreign direct investment, international migration, and EU funding. It contends that both foreign investment to a voivodeship as a result of the EU’s internal market policy, and EU funding to a voivodeship as a result of the EU’s cohesion policies, attracts internal migrants to that voivodeship and discourages residents from leaving. The article further argues that increasing international migration from a voivodeship as a result of the EUs labor policies decreases the incentive for internal migration. A cross-sectional time-series statistical analysis finds that higher levels of foreign investment and EU funding attract migrants to a voivodeship, while higher levels of international migration, FDI inflow, and EU funding decreases the incentive for residents of that voivodeship to relocate internally. 相似文献
18.
《国际公共行政管理杂志》2012,35(1):37-48
ABSTRACTMigration has emerged as a key issue for governments in the 21st century. While multiple disciplines address migration, the study of public administration has been slow to do so. Given the complexities of migration policy implementation, and the multiple levels of government involved, public administration can add significantly to the current understandings of the phenomenon. This article examines what is known on migration, what still needs to be understood, and how public administration can assist in understanding migration. 相似文献
19.
Günseli Berik 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2017,52(2):193-216
This paper revisits the turn of the millennium feminist debates on international labor standards in the aftermath of the Rana Plaza factory collapse of 2013 that killed over 1100 garment workers in Bangladesh. Feminists were divided over the benefits of establishing internationally enforced labor standards and, more generally, on the usefulness of transnational activism and union organizing for garment workers. The arguments of some feminist opponents during and in the aftermath of the debate emphasized the relative advantages of garment jobs, dismissed the importance of union rights, and criticized the labor transnationalism. These arguments have left unchallenged the current regulatory regime in Bangladesh by allaying concerns about poor working conditions. Drawing upon new empirical evidence, the paper shows that export growth under the market regulatory regime has failed to improve labor conditions in the sector. The paper makes the case for the continuing relevance of feminist arguments that favor a more proactive stance to make job growth compatible with wage gains and improved labor conditions. As they argued, the scope of the response has to be international, including solidaristic activism supporting local worker organizations, and the use of wage increases to move Bangladesh on a development path toward a higher-productivity, higher-wage economy. 相似文献
20.
《Communist and Post》2007,40(2):169-189
The post-Soviet ethnic migration wave was quickly followed by the contraction of population territorial mobility. The growing role of socioeconomic factors in defining the character and intensity of migration flows, including the expansion of temporary, labor and undocumented migration, has been especially pronounced.These changes indicate the evolving relationship between migration and conflicts developing in Central Eurasia. Initially as an indicator of ethnic tensions and discrimination of minorities, migration is becoming a mechanism of market transition, providing for the economic survival of population under crisis conditions. With the depletion of the number of ethnic Russian migrants, the influx of ethnic aliens, moving primarily from Central Asia and the Transcaucasus to Russia, is increasing in importance.The present paper discusses the impact of new migration flows on the economies, welfare mechanisms, financial systems, labor markets, and societies of Central Eurasia. Special attention is given to the governmental response to migration phenomenon—from labor migration criminalization to attempts to stimulate the flow of specific migrant groups. 相似文献