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张伟仁 《法学家》2012,(1):1-14,175
中国与西方为其理想的司法者所造的形象各有不同。中国作为理想司法者标志的是铁面三眼的包公,而西方作为理想司法者标志的则是蒙眼持秤的女神。本文首先分析了司法的目的(追寻个案判决的妥当、同类案件判决的协和以及终极的社会理想),其次讨论了中西文化特质对于追寻此目的的方法所生的歧异(比较详细地阐述了中国为了追寻此目的,在理论、制度和实践方面的演变过程),然后谈到司法工作本质上的限制和司法者的功能,指出中西两种图像所表达的期望都有问题,应该加以修正。  相似文献   

3.
郑建君  马璇 《公共行政评论》2021,14(2):135-153,231,232
【问题】政治信任是支撑政治系统运行的重要心理基础,对推进政民良性互动、提升公众的政府支持具有重要意义。村、社区是公众的社会生活共同体和国家治理的基本单元,人们对村社的认同如何转化为对政治系统的信任以及此过程受到何种条件的影响,这将是本研究尝试探究的问题。【方法】论文基于95个行政村和城镇社区的5040份有效数据,将村社认同作为高层级变量,运用多水平结构方程模型和贝叶斯可信区间估计,对所提出的跨层级的“有调节的中介模型”进行检验。【发现】村社认同对个体的政治信任水平具有显著的正向预测作用,且公民参与在二者关系中具有部分中介作用。同时,个人传统性不仅在村社认同和公民参与关系中具有显著的负向影响,也能进一步调节村社认同与政治信任的间接关系。具体来看,在不同水平的个人传统性下,村社认同差异通过公民参与对政治信任影响的间接效应表现出来。【贡献】论文从政治心理学的视角出发,揭示了“村社认同→公民参与→政治信任”这一中介作用路径,并进一步分析了个体传统性变量对上述影响机制作用发挥的边界效应,为理解和分析本土情境下公众的政治信任发生机制提供了可鉴路径,对激发公民参与、提升政治信任和推动基层治理转型的治理实践具有启示。  相似文献   

4.
《重大行政决策程序暂行条例》对重大行政决策采用范畴列举而非内涵界定的立法模式未能解决何为重大行政决策的难题,概念界定的模糊性与责任追究的明确要求凸显重大行政决策不作为法律责任追究中权利救济的必要性。受制于权利救济立法规范的不足,重大行政决策不作为法律责任追究中受损的权利难以依据既有的立法规范获得所需的法律救济,需要完善权利救济立法规范,提供契合法治要求的权利救济立法依据,实现对重大行政决策不作为责任追究中受损权利的法律救济。  相似文献   

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个人发展权探究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
个人发展权的实现以生存权与自由权利为保障、以个人能力的扩展与个性的充分发挥为导向,平等地参与发展及公平地分享发展成果是实现个人发展权的主要手段。发展权的个体性特征既有其理论基础也有其现实意义,个人发展权的实现以集体发展权实现为基础,但集体发展权并不必然带来个人发展权的实现。  相似文献   

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宾凯 《华中电力》2020,(1):137-151
德国社会学家尼古拉斯·卢曼的社会系统论和二阶观察理论所提供的社会建构论框架,有助于我们从技术、时间、知识、决策等维度厘清技术风险形成的复杂社会机制,促进我们对政治系统和法律系统中的技术风险管制活动进行反思性观察。政治系统通过政策性决策活动规划和控制技术风险的努力,本身也会导致决策风险,政治系统因此发展出令规制失灵而被社会遗忘的应对能力;法律系统内部发展出来的风险预防原则,其功能不在于增加社会的安全水平,而是作为一种程序性反应机制,吸收因科学技术后果的不确定性所导致的环境复杂性。  相似文献   

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证据排除是现代证据法的核心精神。在理想状态下,一项证据被“排除”,意味着该证据所反映的信息对于案件事实的最终认定不产生任何影响。从世界各国的具体情况来看,为达到这种理想状态,共有三种途径,分别适用于不同的法系。总体而言,普通法系的程序设置最符合证据排除的要求,而大陆法系在这一问题上则显得力不从心。为了使证据排除规则真正落到实处,包括我国在内采取职权主义审判模式的国家都需要进一步完善相关的配套制度。  相似文献   

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“退学处理”的法律性质及其救济途径探析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
近年来,因高校的“退学处理”决定而引发的诉讼屡有发生。由于在国家立法的层面对于“退学处理”制度并未作出明确规定,从而导致了各高校在作出该行为时的混乱性和随意性,同时,相对人的合法权益在现有的救济途径下也难以得到有效保护。  相似文献   

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Three professors at a regional public university describe the goals, methods, and results of an experimental course in empowering a diverse group of students to build a more just community among themselves. Students critically examined theories of community and justice in relation to the social construction of difference, including their own experience as members of various social class, racial/ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, and ability groups. A six-hour diversity workshop designed by the National Coalition Building Institute and Arnold Mindell's principles of deep democracy were used to transform the class, increase group awareness, and model more authentic, generous interactions. Students then developed Action Research teams to plan and carry out a project to enhance the larger campus community. Faculty and students reported increased critical consciousness, empathy skills, empowerment, and a sense of community among students. Faculty concluded that it was necessary to focus specific attention on social injustice within the classroom and on campus, rather than \"out there\" in the world. Sharing our experience and responding to different needs of group members promotes learning, strengthens democracy, and humanizes us all.  相似文献   

10.
知识产权高等法院的设立是日本“知识产权立国”政策最大的亮点,其主要目的是建立技术类知识产权案件二审的专门法院,并设立了大合议、法院调查员和专门委员制度。由于特许厅在专利的数量控制上占优势,故特许厅的审判前置在确保专门性这一点上仍具有独立的价值。另一方面,知识产权高等法院为实现多元集中化进行了各种尝试,然而该尝试时常受到大合议的干扰,因此需要避免大合议过早干预,同时须处理好知识产权高等法院与最高法院的关系,形成良好的运行机制。  相似文献   

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《Criminal Justice Studies》2012,25(2):223-238
The Western Regional Institute for Community Oriented Public Safety (WRICOPS), funded by the US Department of Justice’s COPS Office, provides organizational assessments to law enforcement agencies in an effort to facilitate a department’s transition to community policing. Here, assessment reports written for law enforcement agencies in five northwestern states are analyzed to determine barriers that make the transition to community policing problematic. These challenges are organized around the themes of Vision and Mission, Organizational Goals, Organizational Structure, Organizational Climate and Community Environment. The results suggest that law enforcement agencies transitioning to community policing face common internal and external challenges that need to be addressed if community policing is to be successfully implemented.  相似文献   

12.
The paper shows a comparative analysis of the law of the united states of america (US) and the european union (EU) focusing on the principle of mutual recognition, which has served as a basis in order to achieve the enforcement of judicial decisions by the authorities of the different Member States. It illustrates the origins and evolution of this principle within the US legal system, as well as its recent implementation within the European integration system with the aim of creating a common space of freedom, security and justice. The paper lists and analizes a substancial number of legal acts adopted so far in the area of civil and criminal law. Furthermore, it highlights the influence the case-law of the US Supreme Court and the Court of Justice of the EU has had on the development of this principle. Moreover, it elaborates on the function of this principle as a nation-building element, raising the question whether this concept could be possibly transposed to a regional integration system with clear federal traits such as the EU.  相似文献   

13.
本文提出落实科学的发展观,建设小康社会,实现社会和谐,需要对公共利益进行深入的研究,认为公共利益由公共财富和公共福利两个部分构成;公共利益和个人利益之间应该建立良性互动关系;社会治理要格外重视处理公共利益中的社会公共福利与个人福利的关系;实现公共利益和个人利益共同发展,需要加强社会建设和管理,推进社会管理体制的创新。  相似文献   

14.
腰椎的个体识别   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
腰椎是人体躯干骨中的主要承重骨,其形态受多种因素影响。腰椎的研究对白骨、碎尸等类型案件尸源的寻找和古人类的体征复原均有重要意义。本文着重从身高推算、性别判定和年龄判定三个方面综述了近年来腰椎在法医人类学领域的研究进展。  相似文献   

15.
This paper presents an information theoretic approach for estimating the number of crimes averted by incapacitation. It first develops models of the criminal history accumulation process of a sample of prison releasees using their official recorded arrest histories prior to incarceration. The models yield individual offending trajectories that are then used to compute the number of crimes these releasees could reasonably have been expected to commit had they not been incarcerated—the counterfactual of interest. The models also afford the opportunity to conduct a limited set of policy simulations. The data reveal a fair amount of variation among individuals both in terms of the number of crimes averted by their incarceration and the responsiveness of these estimates to longer incarceration terms. Estimates were found not to vary substantially across demographic groups defined by offender race, gender, or ethnicity; variations across states and offense types were more pronounced. Implications of the findings and promising avenues for future research are discussed.
Avinash Singh BhatiEmail:
  相似文献   

16.
建立一种快速MVR-PCR分析方法,对中国汉族群体样本进行小卫星MS31A(D7S21基因座)分型及其频率调查。采用同位素掺入扩增和中性聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳分离技术。对200名无关个体血液样品的分析结果表明,每一样品MVR-PCR图谱均可获得近40条谱带。经计算机编码分析,不同个体的编码均不相同。MS31A前40个重复单位1、2、3、4型的频率分别为25.3%,27.2%,47.3%和0.2%;DP值可达99.999999999999%;四代家系分析表明:亲代小卫星MS31A的重复单位可稳定地传递给子代,符合孟德尔遗传规律。灵敏度分析显示:该技术最低能检测出1ng的基因组DNA.MW-PCR分析方法在法医学个人识别方面具有应用价值。  相似文献   

17.
中国汉族男女股骨性别差异   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
经测量235副(男158副,女77副)已知生前确切性别的成年股骨的21项指标,对单一测量项目判定股骨性别的效果进行了检验。结果表明,21项测量指标中有11项单一指标的判别效果达80%以上。采用Fisher两类判别分析法对测量数据进行统计处理,得到根据单侧股骨测量值判别性别的函数方程14个;对南方和北方人群组的测量数据,分别用Fisher两类判别法进行统计,建立了根据单侧股骨测量值判断性别的函数34个,判别率最高达98.23%。与盲测判别准确率相近。该法可用于法医人类学的个体识别。  相似文献   

18.
随着现代性的时代发展,现代性反思和重建已成为一个必须直面的问题,正是在这一境遇下,现代法治也开始发生了重要变革,形成了法律多元主义的规则秩序、互动平衡的功能取向、反思回应的程序主义诉求等发展走向。因此,我们应立足于现代性反思和重建的时代关怀,积极推进中国的法治进程。  相似文献   

19.
We examined whether individuals’ ability to detect deception remained stable over time. In two sessions, held one week apart, university students viewed video clips of individuals and attempted to differentiate between the lie-tellers and truth-tellers. Overall, participants had difficulty detecting all types of deception. When viewing children answering yes–no questions about a transgression (Experiments 1 and 5), participants’ performance was highly reliable. However, rating adults who provided truthful or fabricated accounts did not produce a significant alternate forms correlation (Experiment 2). This lack of reliability was not due to the types of deceivers (i.e., children versus adults) or interviews (i.e., closed-ended questions versus extended accounts) (Experiment 3). Finally, the type of deceptive scenario (naturalistic vs. experimentally-manipulated) could not account for differences in reliability (Experiment 4). Theoretical and legal implications are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
我国个人合作建房若干法律问题探析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王莉 《行政与法》2010,(9):79-82
在房价持续上涨、住房供求失衡的背景下,个人合作建房确实可以在某种程度上解决中低收入老百姓住房难问题,也能在一定程度上缓解住房市场的供应压力。然而,我国的个人合作建房现状却不容乐观,在具体操作时遇到了重重阻力,步履艰难,质疑声四伏。因此,对我国个人合作建房若干法律问题进行探析是必要的、有意义的,将有利于促进合作建房的健康发展。  相似文献   

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