身份犯之间接正犯初探

身份犯之间接正犯发生于两种情形 :一为有身份者利用有故意无身份的人实施构成要件行为 ,二为无身份者利用有身份但是无刑事责任能力的人实施构成要件行为。在前一场合 ,被利用的人如果有刑事责任能力 ,则与有身份者构成共同犯罪 ,承担帮助犯的刑事责任     

Corporate Liability for International Crimes under Canada's Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act

Given that the Rome Statute does not provide jurisdiction totry corporations for breaches of international criminal law,it has been suggested that national jurisdictions might be usedto fill this impunity gap. The author presents several arguments.First, the international criminal law system, including theRome Statute — and particularly the principles of universaljurisdiction and complementarity — provides the theoreticalgrounding for states to assert jurisdiction over internationalcrimes wider than the International Criminal Court (ICC). Second,Canada, owing to interactions between its domestic legislationimplementing the ICC Statute and existing national criminallaw, is now able to prosecute corporations for breaches of internationalcriminal law. Finally, this increased jurisdiction of Canadiancourts is consistent with the current status of corporationsunder international criminal law. What is really interestingabout Canada's approach, however, is not so much that it hascreated a new legal principle, but rather that it is one ofthe first countries to establish jurisdiction over internationalcrimes committed by corporate entities which were previouslycommitted with impunity.

By stating that I could not guaranteethat the army is not using forced labour, I certainly implythat they might, (and they might) but I am saying that we donot have to monitor the army's behaviour: we have our responsibilities;they have their responsibilities; and we refuse to be pushedin to assuming more than what we can really guarantee. Aboutforced labour used by troops assigned to provide security onour pipeline project, let us admit between Unocal and Totalthat we might be in a grey zone.¹

     

论国际犯罪与国内犯罪的关系

国际犯罪是指由国际法创设或者推动因而被国际社会普遍确定为犯罪、严重危害国际社会共同利益的行为,跨国性、涉外性、违反公约性都不是国际犯罪的基本特征。国际犯罪不是从国内犯罪发展而来的,它们是两个互不隶属的并列范畴,是"犯罪"这一共同上位概念之下的子概念,从渊源上讲,两者基本上分属国内法与国际法两大法律体系。国际犯罪与国内犯罪之间有明确的界限,主要体现在犯罪危害的性质、针对的法律关系和法律制定者不同三方面。     

涉人工智能犯罪中研发者主观罪过的认定

对涉人工智能犯罪中研发者主观罪过的研究和准确认定,有利于防范人工智能技术风险,促进人工智能技术发展进步。研发者设计以实施犯罪行为为主要目的的智能机器人时,对于智能机器人造成的一切严重危害社会的结果,其主观罪过应被认定为直接故意。研发者设计以实施非犯罪行为为主要目的的智能机器人时,对于智能机器人造成的严重危害社会的结果,当研发者违反了注意义务且有刑法明文规定时,其主观罪过应被认定为犯罪过失。应根据智能机器人的“智能”程度分“直接过失”、“管理过失”、“监督过失”三种类型来确定研发者犯罪过失的认定标准。     

犯罪与风险——风险社会视野下的犯罪治理

风险社会中,犯罪不应再被认为是社会病态现象,而应被视为日常风险产物。因此需要以犯罪接受并改变风险作为引导运行的视角来重新看待犯罪。犯罪运行需要犯罪风险源作为能量为其提供动力。犯罪风险源包括人造风险、发展性风险、人性风险以及激发性风险。犯罪运行的过程也必然要和风险发生各种关系。风险的感知、分配、放大与沟通都会使犯罪呈现不同形态。在风险社会中对犯罪进行治理需要从犯罪运行、犯罪风险源以及犯罪与风险的关系三个方面入手。     

Crimes and Security

This essay considers the role that the value of security might play in criminalisation. While endorsing security as a legitimate rationale for the creation of a criminal offence, it examines some existing offences that are created or structured in a particular way for security reasons. This is done through a two‐stage analysis. Stage one considers the consequences of adopting an offence or offence definition if it was interpreted ideally and complied with perfectly. Stage two considers how we can expect the offences to operate in the real world given imperfect compliance and non‐ideal interpretation.     

网络犯罪概念论

网络犯罪问题是当今普遍关注的问题,从世界各国看,它属于一种新的特殊犯罪形态。虽然从事这方面研究的专家、学者做了大量的工作,取得了可观的成果,但是,无论是犯罪学还是刑法学对此都缺乏大规模的深入研究。目前此领域还处于探索阶段。笔者认为,首要问题就是研究何谓网络犯罪,它与传统计算机犯罪的区别和联系以此来界定网络犯罪的概念。     

Indirect Co-Perpetration

National and international criminal law systems are continually seeking doctrinal and theoretical frameworks to help them impose individual liability on collective perpetrators of crime. The two systems move in parallel and draw on each other. Historically, it has been mostly international criminal law that leaned on domestic legal systems for its collective modes of liability. Currently, however, it is the emerging jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court that is at the forefront of innovation, with the doctrine of indirect co-perpetration taking the lead in international prosecutions. The article assesses the potential contribution as well as the limits of this compound doctrine to domestic criminal law jurisprudence, particularly with regard to small-group criminality. Four modes of indirect co-perpetration are discussed, namely shared control, concerted control, controlling board, and flawed triangle perpetration. A doctrine of indirect co-perpetration would enable liability in these modes of perpetration, perhaps with the exception of the latter, which marks the limits of its applicability.     

析黑社会性质组织犯罪与恶势力团伙犯罪

司法实践中“黑”、“恶”难分，从而引发定性、审办、打击、处理等一系列问题。认真分析“黑”、“恶”在结构形式上、主观目的上、行为特征上、发展需求上，客体上的不同，为司法实践中的“黑”、“恶”界定给出了尺度。     

异种数罪应当实行数罪并罚

异种数罪应当包括牵连犯在内,在形式逻辑上,异种数罪属于种概念,牵连犯属于种概念下的子项,因而异种数罪与牵连犯两概念不能并列.异种数罪可以划分为牵连异种数罪与非牵连异种数罪两种.牵连异种数罪(牵连犯)处罚原则的通说观点应予否定,对其应当实行数罪并罚而不实行按一罪从重处罚.在1997年修订刑法中,部分非牵连异种数罪也规定了按一罪从重处罚而不实行数罪并罚,这导致了处罚原则上的混乱状况,有必要采用数罪并罚原则来统一解决非牵连异种数罪的处罚问题.     

未完成罪研究

犯罪的预备、未遂和中止相对于犯罪既遂而言,是一种犯罪的未完成形态,故可以将其称为未完成罪。未完成罪是犯罪的特殊形态,它以刑法分则相应的犯罪构成为基础,以刑法总则的有关规定为补充,从而确定其构成要件,形成对其定罪量刑的根据。未完成罪作为一种特殊的犯罪形态,具有其特定的存在范围。     

计算机犯罪研究

当今世界已进入信息社会,随着计算机、通信技术的迅猛发展,计算机系统的广泛应用,促使它渗透到社会各个行 业和部门,人们对它的依赖性越来越大,也突显出了计算机犯罪问题。主要从计算机犯罪的特点、新动向、立法需 要完善及预防几个方面进行了阐述。     

论犯罪构成与犯罪阻却事由的关系

从刑事立法角度而言 ,犯罪阻却事由与犯罪构成是基于同一虚拟事实所设定的具有不同内容要求的法律规范形式 ,两者是一种并列关系 ;从刑事司法角度而言 ,犯罪构成与犯罪阻却事由是基于同一事实而引用的具有不同价值取向的价值评价体系 ,两者是一种基础与上层的关系     

Crimes by Visitors Versus Crimes by Residents: The Influence of Visitor Inflows

Objectives

To disaggregate the crime impact of visitor inflows. There is increasing evidence that visitors can make a major contribution to levels of crime in a given neighbourhood: crimes by visiting offenders may add to those committed by local offenders, while visitors (and their property) may provide local offenders with additional opportunities for crime.

Methods

Using police-recorded crime data for a large Eastern Canadian city we determined whether individuals charged or chargeable for property and violent crimes were visitors or residents of census tracts (CT) where crimes had been committed. This information was combined with data from a large transportation survey, allowing us to estimate daily population flows into each CT for four purposes (work, shopping, recreation, and education). Negative binomial regression models including spatial lags were used.

Results

An increase in visitor inflow not only increases the number of visitors charged with crimes but also the number of local residents charged. These effects vary significantly by visit purpose: more infractions are committed in tracts where visits are for recreation and, to a lesser extent, for shopping. Findings for work and education are mixed.

Conclusions

One important implication of our results is that, because most studies of aggregate crime counts or rates fail to account for whether crimes have been committed by visitors or residents, previous research may have provided hasty, partial, or even erroneous explanations for crime concentrations.

     

犯罪控制利益论--从利益的角度探析犯罪控制的目标、根据和途径

根据马克思主义利益论,犯罪实质上就是人类利益冲突的一种极端表现形式.因此,人类只有通过各种手段和方法,不断调整利益主体之间的各种利益关系,不断协调利益主体之间的各种利益矛盾和利益冲突,人类社会的犯罪问题才有可能从根本上得到控制.据此,本文从利益的角度,通过对犯罪控制目标、根据和途径的深层思考和理论分析,得出犯罪控制就是对人类利益冲突的一种控制的结论.     

疑罪问题研究

疑罪是指在刑事诉讼活动中,因证据不足而对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人是否构成犯罪以及罪行轻重、此罪彼罪与一罪数罪等方面难以作出正确判断的情况。疑罪的基本特征是证据不足。疑罪可分为罪与非罪之疑罪、情节轻重之疑罪、此罪彼罪之疑罪和一罪数罪之疑罪。疑罪产生的原因是多方面的。认定疑罪要注意与疑难刑事案件相区别,把握好疑罪的认定标准,掌握好疑罪的处理原则:罪与非罪之疑适用疑罪从无;情节轻重之疑、此罪彼罪之疑和一罪数罪之疑适用疑罪从宽。贯彻好疑罪的处理原则有着重要的理论和实践意义。文章还就刑事诉讼各阶段如何具体贯彻疑罪的处理原则提出了建设性的意见。