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1.
Anita Heber 《Trends in Organized Crime》2009,12(1):1-20
The serious drug and drug smuggling offenders active in Stockholm are linked by means of co-offending to other persons in large criminal networks. Within these networks, the individuals have large numbers of superficial and transient contacts with one another. It appears to be particularly important to have contacts with other drug offenders throughout Sweden, and particularly in the Skåne region. The majority of the convicted drug offenders have a Nordic background. The study indicates that dealers in the Stockholm area know drug smugglers in Sweden’s metropolitan areas. In their turn, the drug smugglers in the metropolitan areas have contacts with persons involved in the smuggling of other goods primarily in the county of Skåne. A large proportion of the persons included in the data set were suspected of committing drug offences and appear to be focused to some extent on drug offending and on offences involving one or two illicit substances. They also engage in other types of criminal activity to a large extent, however, and are thus not exclusively specialised in drug offending. Persons involved in serious drug crime, including drug smuggling, are often males in their thirties. These individuals often choose other males as co-offenders. It is generally common to commit drug offences together with co-offenders and the most criminally active individuals are also those with the largest numbers of co-offenders. The co-offending partnerships that commit drug offences are not particularly durable over time, however, and it is unusual for drug offenders to restrict themselves to committing offences with one and the same co-offender. 相似文献
2.
This article considers how information and communications technologies (ICT) can be used by organised crime groups to infringe
legal and regulatory controls. Three categories of groups are identified: traditional organised criminal groups which make
use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial criminal activities; organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online;
and organised groups of ideologically and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal
conduct. The activities of each group are then assessed in relation to five areas of risk: the use of online payment systems,
online auctions, online gaming, social networking sites and blogs. It is concluded that the distinction between traditional
organised crime groups and the other two groups—cybercriminal groups and ideologically/politically motivated cyber groups—is
converging, with financially-motivated attacks becoming more targeted. Legislation will need to adapt to deal with new technological
developments and threats that organised criminals seek to exploit.
相似文献
Russell G. SmithEmail: |
3.
This paper examines the structure and modus operandi of South Asian criminal organisations operating in the UK. It is based
on empirical research conducted between 2005 and 2006 among prisoners sentenced for drug offences, a number of drug distributors
operating in the market, and observers with a knowledge of the drugs business working for the police force or for rehabilitation
services. First, the paper offers an overview of the debate on organised crime, and after a methodological note, the research
findings are utilised to propose a typology. Hypotheses are formulated around the illicit drug enterprises involved in British
markets. Finally, the implications for law enforcement with respect to these enterprises are discussed.
相似文献
Vincenzo RuggieroEmail: |
4.
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(3):270-295
Three categories of organised groups that exploit advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) to infringe
legal and regulatory controls: (1) traditional organised criminal groups which make use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial
criminal activities; (2) organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online; and (3) organised groups of ideologically
and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal conduct are described in this article.
The need for law enforcement to have in-depth knowledge of computer forensic principles, guidelines, procedures, tools, and
techniques, as well as anti-forensic tools and techniques will become more pronounced with the increased likelihood of digital
content being a source of disputes or forming part of underlying evidence to support or refute a dispute in judicial proceedings.
There is also a need for new strategies of response and further research on analysing organised criminal activities in cyberspace.
相似文献
Kim-Kwang Raymond ChooEmail: |
5.
Mangai Natarajan 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2006,22(2):171-192
An analysis is reported of 2,408 wiretap conversations gathered in the course of prosecuting a heroin dealing organization in New York City in the 1990s. The five-step analysis, which included a social network analysis of phone contacts, revealed a large, loosely structured group of 294 individuals, most of whom had very limited contacts with others in the group. The group’s active core comprised 38 individuals with extended contacts, little status differentiation and some task specialization. A smaller more tightly connected group of 22 individuals was somewhat independent of the remainder of the core and appeared to constitute a “communal business”. The existence was not confirmed of the large criminal conspiracy described by the prosecution that operated at all levels of trafficking and dealing, from wholesale distribution to street sales. Rather, it appeared that the 294 individuals comprised one segment of the heroin market in the city. However, the discrepancy could be due to the fact that the prosecution drew upon a wider set of information about the individuals concerned than provided by the wiretap data. The study supports recent analyses that see organized crimes, such as drug trafficking, as mostly the work of small groups of loosely linked entrepreneurs rather than large, highly structured criminal syndicates.
相似文献
Mangai NatarajanEmail: |
6.
Mika Junninen 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,51(5):487-509
This article concentrates on Finnish professional criminals and their organisations in Finland and in cross-border crime operations.
It is based on qualitative empirical material. It focus on 14 different Finnish groups active in the 1990s in smuggling (alcohol,
tobacco and drugs), and/or procuring prostitutes, and/or handling stolen goods. The objective of the study was twofold: 1)
to gather collective information about the world of the Finnish professional criminals by studying the personal characteristics
of the group members, the crimes they commit, and the structures of the criminal groups, 2) to compare differences and similarities
of professional criminals and organised crime groups in Finland and abroad. The study clearly shows, that Finnish professional
criminal groups are loosely structured networks that based on trade relations between the participants. The operational time
of the groups is short and laundering of profits is not planned beforehand. The comparison of studied groups and internationally
well known organised crime groups shows, that the Finns are a long way behind in all matters related on organised crime and
its criminality. Finnish groups are loosely structured networks working on ad hog basis, at the moment and a certain time.
International groups are monopolistic business enterprises that corrupt and threats state authorities and surrounding society
to leave them in peace, promote its own business matters and reputation of top men.
相似文献
Mika JunninenEmail: |
7.
Yik Koon Teh 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2008,3(2):201-211
The tsunami crisis of 26 December 2004 in South and Southeast Asia brought out the best and worst behaviours of humankind.
The “worst behaviours”, some of which were criminal, should be taken as an important case study for criminology. The abuses
and offences that took place following the disaster were committed by both the victims and other parties involved either directly
or indirectly, e.g. authorities distributing donations and fundraisers. The tsunami provides a representative case study of
a natural disaster situation, and reflects much of the opportunistic behaviour of a significant section of humankind even
given the cost of human suffering. This paper discusses the reported “worst behaviours” or abuses and offences committed by
different groups and tries to provide explanations for such criminogenic behaviours. Social disorganisation theory and opportunity
theory will be discussed.
相似文献
Yik Koon TehEmail: |
8.
Peter Alan Sproat 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2007,47(3):169-184
This paper describes the UK’s anti-money laundering and asset recovery laws and the aims and objectives behind the regime
since the introduction of the Proceeds of Crime Act in 2002. It then evaluates the regime in terms of the amount of criminal
assets recovered, its application against organised crime and its impact upon the price of illegal drugs.
相似文献
Peter Alan SproatEmail: |
9.
Between May 1997 and August 2006 over 3,000 new crimes and offences entered the statute book expanding the criminal law exponentially
and insinuating criminal liability into areas of everyday life previously untouched. This unremitting intensification of the
criminal law where often quite random and unrelated provisions are embedded in huge, generic and virtually annual Criminal
Justice Acts has made the law inaccessible and unknowable to the public, and uncertain to those charged with interpreting
and applying it. This article examines the phenomenon of accretion in the criminal law within the last decade drawing on historico-legal
contexts, jurisprudential theory (particularly the Rule of Law), and contemporary illustrations. It argues that uncontrolled
legislative accretion and a bloated statute book may introduce dangerous levels of uncertainty into the law not only undermining
its integrity but eroding the essential mutual respect between government and the governed which legitimises the authority
of the criminal law. The political hothouse of spin-cycle government has sought to rely on the creation of new law as the
panacea to all ills blurring the democratic boundary between citizen and government.
相似文献
Candida HarrisEmail: |
10.
The purpose of the present paper is to investigate whether the process of transition from an agricultural to an industrial
society was a watershed for white-collar crime, such that this type of crime increased rapidly in connection with the industrialization
process. The theoretical reasoning behind this notion is that the transition process promoted a mentality characterized by
self-centered values and a culture of competitiveness, which together paved the way for fraud perpetrated at the expense of
others. The data are from Statistic Sweden’s historical records and cover the period of 1864–1912. Since there is no way to
measure all crimes that can be defined as white collar crime, we have used bankruptcy offences as an example of white collar
crime. The results do not support the notion that the transition period from an agricultural to an industrial society showed
an increase in bankruptcy offences. Instead, the results show that when fluctuations in the economy are taken into account,
the industrialization process per se entailed less bankruptcy offences. On the other hand, other research using the case of
Sweden has shown that it was first after World War II that bankruptcy offences increased rapidly. Our argument is that the
transition process as a structural mechanism had a greater impact on bankruptcy offences when industrialized capitalism became
advanced.
相似文献
Tage AlalehtoEmail: |
11.
《Global Crime》2013,14(2-3):141-154
Research shows that co-offending has contradictory effects on rates of re-arrest. On the one hand, group offending may be riskier: for example, co-offenders might be targeted by police or might snitch to protect themselves. Criminal networks may also have indirect effects: offenders embedded in criminal networks commit more offences and thus should have a higher risk of being arrested at some point. On the other hand, networks generate steady criminal opportunities with relatively low risk of arrest and high monetary benefits (e.g. drug trafficking). Few authors have empirically explored the relation between co-offending and re-arrest. This article does so using data from seven years of arrest records in the province of Quebec, Canada. The analysis is designed to explore why some offenders are re-arrested after an initial arrest while others are not. It focuses on the factors involved in re-arrest, considering two distinct levels of measures of co-offending. The first level of analysis takes into account a situational measure that indicates whether a given offence was committed by co-offenders (group offence). The second level is used to examine whether being part of a criminal network influences re-arrest. For offenders embedded in such networks, two network features (degree centrality and clustering coefficient) show that the global position of individuals within the Quebec arrest network are analysed. Our results suggest that co-offending is a crucial factor that should be taken into account when looking at the odds of being caught again. The use of generalised linear mixed model brings interesting nuances about the impact of co-offending. The article adds to the recently growing literature on the link between networks and criminal careers. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology & Crime Prevention》2013,14(2):112-137
ABSTRACTCo-offending may increase offenders’ criminal capital in ways that impact their subsequent offending behaviour, and while highly theorized, the relationship between co-offending and reoffending has received less attention in empirical research. This study relies on Norwegian registry data to explore patterns of registered co- and solo offending before and after offenders’ first release from prison, by assessing differences in total, solo and co-reoffending between (1) co-offenders and solo offenders and (2) co-offenders embedded in different co-offending networks. The sample is based on 10 complete release cohorts, and co-offending networks are constructed from 22 years of administrative police data. Egocentric network analysis is used to obtain measures of degree centrality and tie strength. Results show that recidivism rates are higher among individuals with a co-offending network at release, and there is a consistent, positive relationship between degree centrality and reoffending. There is also a positive correlation between time spent in prison and the likelihood of co-offending after release, but there are no incidents of repeated co-offending (i.e. reoffending with co-offenders acquired before incarceration). The analysis hereby confirms several well-known patterns of co-offending in a new national context and highlights how incarceration can shape the nature and longevity of egocentric co-offending network ties. 相似文献
13.
A recurring question in criminological research is whether prisoners meet new accomplices in prison. This article’s objective is to study co-offending among individuals who have served prison sentences. The frequency of co-offending among individuals who have been in the same prison at the same time will be examined. If gender, age, type of prison, offence type and prior experience of co-offending are significant for this type of co-offending will also be examined. The study population comprised all inmates released from a Swedish prison during a half year in 2001–2002 (n = 3.930). The follow-up period is 10 years. The results show that only 3% of those who have been in the same prison at the same time are suspected of committing offences together subsequent to release. The likelihood of being suspected of committing an offence together following the conclusion of a joint stay in the same prison is higher for those released from a closed prison who are aged 31–40, and who had committed large proportion of their offences together with others prior to the relevant prison sentence. The results suggest that the concept of criminal capital is not important for future co-offending after a joint stay in prison. 相似文献
14.
Amber L. Beckley 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2008,49(4):303-314
Black men, especially those in the lower-class are stereotyped as hypermasculine. Such stereotypes may affect placement in
criminal justice programs as well as whether offenders successfully complete programming given placement. This article considers
whether the intersection of class and race affect boot camp failure. Using data from MacKenzie’s evaluation of correctional
boot camps, results show that neither race, nor the interaction of race with indicators of orientation towards decent or street
behavior has any effect on dropping out of boot camp. What is significant in predicting boot camp completion is the offender’s
belief prior to beginning the program that he is “tough enough” to handle the institution. However, this result is opposite
of expected for black men. The implications of this result and future directions are considered.
相似文献
Amber L. BeckleyEmail: |
15.
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
相似文献
Tony (D.A.) Rouselle |
16.
Marriage and Desistance from Crime in the Netherlands: Do Gender and Socio-Historical Context Matter? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bianca E. Bersani John H. Laub Paul Nieuwbeerta 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(1):3-24
Over the last two decades, research examining desistance from crime in adulthood has steadily increased. The evidence from
this body of research consistently demonstrates that salient life events—in particular, marriage—are associated with a reduction
of offending across the life course. However, previous studies have been largely limited to male samples in the United States.
As a result, questions regarding the universal effect of these relationships remain. Specifically, research is needed to assess
whether the desistance effect of life events like marriage varies by gender and/or socio-historical context in countries other
than the U.S. The present research addresses these gaps by examining the relationship between marriage and criminal offending
using data from the Criminal Career and Life Course Study (CCLS). The CCLS includes criminal conviction histories spanning
a large portion of the life course for nearly 5,000 men and women convicted in the Netherlands in 1977. Because we assess
change over multiple observations within and between individuals, we utilize hierarchical models to estimate gender and contextual
effects of marriage on criminal offending (i.e., any, violent, and property convictions). Overall, we find consistent support
for the idea that marriage reduces offending across gender and socio-historical context. Notably, we find that the reduction
in the odds of offending due to marriage is significantly greater for individuals in the most contemporary context. The implications
of these findings are discussed.
相似文献
Bianca E. BersaniEmail: |
17.
18.
H. Richard Friman 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(3):285-295
Drug markets and violence are often presented as inextricably linked. Yet, the use of organized violence by trafficking networks
against each other and against the state is not uniform. Insights into the selective use of violence lie in disputes between
crime groups over control of lucrative distribution networks and market share. Insights into the use of violence against the
state lie in the efforts by criminal justice personnel to curtail the drug trade and the political goals pursued by trafficking
organizations. This article discusses these arguments in the context of cocaine markets and the Americas before turning more
extensively to methamphetamine in the USA and especially Japan. The latter one, understudied by scholars, offers a challenging
plausibility probe for arguments addressing the selective nature of organized violence in drug markets.
相似文献
H. Richard FrimanEmail: |
19.
The incantations of the EU organised crime policy making 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article provides an analysis of the knowledge base of organised crime assessments and policy making in the European Union.
It is argued that the current European organised crime (threat) assessments are no reliable and relevant instruments to make
meaningful statements about organised crime. The data collection system of the current assessments is defective and to a large
extent dependant on what Member States decide to disclose and not based on clear developed concepts, definitions and methods.
There is no discernable “counting unit” as a basis for deducing threats or risks. More fundamental: the definition or criteria
list used is defective, providing no basis for further deductions or conclusions. The conclusions of the open versions of
the European reports are of a very general nature, not substantially different from what can be found in open sources. Though
European decision making claims to be founded on these assessments, it looks more like a ritual incantation than a knowledge
based process.
相似文献
P. C. van DuyneEmail: |
20.
Michael Levi 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2008,49(5):365-377
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
相似文献
Michael LeviEmail: |