Cultivation and Use of Opium in Rural India: Bottom-Up Insights Into Anti-Drug Efforts

Although India is a major supplier of licit (i.e., legally grown) opium, it is also a leading producer of illicit (i.e., illegally grown) opium. To learn who might be involved in both types of production, the researchers interviewed 50 licensed opium farmers in Madhya Pradesh. Those interviews covered, among other aspects, farmers’ opium use, community attitudes towards addiction and trafficking, and knowledge of government-set opium prices and regulations. In general, some of those interviewed outlined both informal social controls and shunning, used against rural addicts, and support, even if grudgingly given, for government regulation. Those same interviews, however, revealed evidence of important social/economic changes that are undercutting the limited efficacy of extant formal controls in curtailing opium use, addiction, and trafficking.     

Past Reflections, Future Insights: African Asylum Law and Policy in Historical Perspective

This article argues that an understanding of the evolution ofasylum is an essential ingredient in the search for ideas andperspectives to the plight facing forced migrants. Using Kenyaas a case study, the paper evaluates the extent to which proceduresused to determine claims for asylum, protection outcomes andentitlements met international human rights and refugee lawstandards. It is contended that limited resources, porous boundariesand the mass movement of asylum seekers have compromised thelevel of protection offered to those who seek surrogate protectionin African states like Kenya. In conclusion, critics in thearea of asylum are challenged to undertake historical studies,as a way towards offering best practise lessons for those involvedin the protection of persons forced to flee their home states.     

Swedish Drug Policy: A Successful Model?

The shift in Swedish drug policy since around 1980 towards a more strict model has according to the official point of view been successful by comparison with the earlier, more lenient drug policy. However, available systematic indicators show that the prevalence of drug use has increased since around 1980, that the decrease in drug incidence was particularly marked during the 1970s and that some indicators point towards an increase during the 1990s. The shift towards a more strict policy.     

技术决定论形成的历史进路及当代诠释

技术社会学诞生于现代性语境中,以技术决定论为基本内核,伴随工业社会和理性主义拓展而形成对现代社会变迁的技术解释图景。技术决定论现代性意涵的历史诠释中存在着技术与社会对立的二元逻辑张力,从技术与现代性的相互建构论视角透视,揭示出经验转向以来对技术决定论的社会维度和技术维度批判的不对称性。技术决定论经历了欧洲起源、美国发展、全球影响的时空展现过程,主要是启蒙的社会进步思潮与现代技术的本质主义理解共同形塑的结果。深入反思技术与社会关系问题隐含的解释模式,将成为走出技术决定论困境的必由之路。     

Terrorism in India as a Determinant of Terrorism in Pakistan

Terrorism in Pakistan springs from many factors such as, poverty, corruption, inequality, sham democracy, and low-level literacy; however, the effect of terrorism in India over terrorism in Pakistan remains unnoticed. This study explores the role of terrorism in India as a determinant of terrorism in Pakistan. This fangled determinant of terrorism in Pakistan forms the premise of our work. The Johansen cointegration analysis technique confirms the long-run relationship among terrorism in India and Pakistan and unemployment in Pakistan. Error correction model (ECM) resulted 55% of convergence annually. Besides, ECM verifies both short and long-run causalities. The VECM Granger and Modified Wald (MWALD) causality tests reveal that terrorism in India and unemployment in Pakistan Granger causes terrorism in Pakistan, but no reverse causality exists. The study concludes that both terrorism in India and unemployment in Pakistan results in terrorism in Pakistan. Coping with terrorism, Pakistan and India must revisit their respective roles; and simultaneously, Pakistan should address the unemployment problem—which facilitates recruitment for the terrorist organizations.     

全球化:当代中国法治化的历史新境界

全球化的发展必将对中国法治化进程产生全面、深刻、持久的影响。本文结合这一全球化趋势,深入研究分析了全球化的科学涵义以及全球化背景下中国法治化面临的种种挑战。在此基础上,进一步探讨了在这一全球化背景下中国法治化进程中需注重解决的几个问题。     

驯服算法:算法治理的历史展开与当代体系

算法治理是算法时代的核心议题。然而,当下算法治理的实效不彰,算法治理的理论亦分歧重重。鉴古而知今,20世纪60年代以降的算法治理史不但展现了丰富的制度实践,也为我国算法治理体系的建构提供了深邃洞见。聚焦于关键场景算法透明公平的“法律”、趋于共识的算法伦理“规范”和迈向算法可解释的“代码”,贯穿了长达半个世纪的算法治理进程。政府(法律)、社会(规范)、市场(代码)的耦合,以及工具性/自主性算法和高/低风险算法的类型化,共同塑造了理一分殊的“模块化”算法治理体系,为分类分级的算法治理奠定了稳固的理论之基。     

The Narrow Margins of the Dutch Drug Policy: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

In order to introduce more structure to the debate it seems worthwhile to make a rough cost-benefit analysis of the probable effects of the Dutch drug policy in various areas. A multi-disciplinary analysis of this nature makes it possible to bring together the arguments put forward by the protagonists from various perspectives and to some extent balance them against each other. In a traditional cost-benefit analysis the anticipated effects are assessed in financial terms. This is only possible to a very limited extent when it comes to drug policy. The article is limited to cataloguing as fully as possible the most significant pros and cons of the Dutch drug policy found in the literature on the subject. As a conclusion attention is paid to whether changes such as decriminalisation or re-criminalisation of drug use will yield a better cost-benefit analysis against the background of this overview.     

Drug Treatment Policy in the Criminal Justice System: A Scoping Literature Review

This scoping review sought to map the emerging evidence on use of harm minimization drug treatment programs in criminal justice settings. A search of various data bases including Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Medline, ProQuest, SAGE Premier, Scopus, Taylor & Francis Online, and Web of Science yielded eight studies that met inclusion criteria. The available evidence suggests increasing adoption of harm minimization policy oriented programs by countries around the world. Specific programs adopted include needle and syringe exchange, methadone maintenance, buprenorphine maintenance and treatment in lieu of incarceration. Each of these programs has evidence to support their effectiveness in relation to individual harm reduction, disease reduction, increase treatment retention and reduced criminality. This article considers implications of the adoption of harm minimization policies by criminal justice systems.     

Fighting the Siren's Song: The Problem of Amnesty in Historical and Contemporary Perspective

As much of the world gears itself terror, uncomfortable questions may soon nee to be asked. What is to be done with terrorists who are often more popularin their countries that those countries leaders? Can these states afford retribution snd punishment, event at the risk of provoking forces that may lead to further bloodshed and violence? Or, alternatively, should they seek reconciliation and grant offenders amnesty? Or, is the proper solution somewhere in between? It may be comforting to know that these questions are not new, and by examiningthe historical and contemporary debate between the proponents of punishment and those of amnesty, we will be in a better position to make an informed decision when our turninevitably comes to choose. We should pay particulary attention to: what amnesty is, including the problems inherent in its definition; amnesty"s roots in the virtue of foreginess, which is found in most of world"s major religious traditions; amnesty"s historical manifetations in cultures that have adhered to those traditions; the three types of amnesty (moral, just and political) and the historical shift toward exclusively political justifications for amnesty; and classical and contemporary criticsims of and justifications for institutionalized forgiveness, including amnesty. Understanding these issues will not tel us whether it is better toamnesty or not to amnesty, but it will make us equipped to answer that question for ourselves.     

毒品检验分析中禁毒情报的作用与挖掘利用

目前,毒品犯罪不断发展变化,禁毒工作面临着非常严重的挑战。与此同时,禁毒工作也面临着前所未有的挑战和困难,如何突破困境、迎难而上创新性的开展禁毒工作成为当务之急。禁毒工作、情报先行,遏制毒品犯罪的进一步发展的关键就得情报先行,而毒品检验分析能为侦破、审理涉毒案件提供科学依据和重要情报线索。通过转变传统的毒品检验分析观念、突出毒检技术服务实战作用、加强毒检技术队伍建设、切实的保障运行经费,有效挖掘与利用毒品检验分析中的禁毒情报,为禁毒工作注入新的活力,以有效的开展禁毒工作。     

Toward Drug Control: Exclusion and Buyer Licensing

The uncertainties associated with the precise nature of legalization regimes and with their expected outcomes sometimes are used to justify the maintenance of drug prohibition. This paper details the role that buyer licensing and exclusion might play in implementing a low-risk, post-prohibition drug regulatory regime. Buyer licensing and exclusion provide assistance to those who exhibit or are worried about self-control problems with drugs, while not being significantly constraining upon those who are informed and satisfied drug consumers. Relative to prohibition, licensing and self-exclusion can be part of a drug regulatory structure that is much more finely tuned to the risks of harms stemming from drug use.     

论银行账户担保的控制公示方法

物权公示是物权状况的外部表现。作为法律制度的产物,它既可能是基于自然状况设立,也可基于某种人为手段设立。占有与登记是两种基本方法。虽然占有本质上也是一种控制,但是作为独立公示方式的控制是对无形财产所进行的管理与支配。它以控制人的社会公共信任基础为前提,是介于登记与占有之间的一种自然公示方法。一方面其不像占有那样能对权利客体本身进行有形支配,另一方面其又不像登记制度那样离权利本身那么远,而是能够对权利本身做实事上的管理。控制公示方式也可扩展适用于占有动产的人对其动产支配的某种程度的转移。建议我国未来也建立独立于占有的控制公示方法。     

The Characteristics of Relapsed Drug Users in Contemporary Urban China

The present study is aimed at exploring the characteristics of Chinese relapsed drug users associated with their treatment experience in police mandatory treatment centers. The exploration is based on a comparison of Chinese drug users who received the police mandatory treatment for multiple times (the “relapse” group) with those who had the treatment for the first time (the “first-time” group). The comparative analysis is conducted using data collected from a 2009 survey of 177 drug users in several police mandatory treatment centers in a large city of China. The data indicate that both the “relapse” and the “first-time” groups have similar demographic characteristics except age. However, respondents in the “relapse” group were more likely to be heroin users, have a high level of drug dependence, have prior treatment, experience a high level of mental disorder, and have drug-use friends than those in the “first-time” group. The findings imply that relapse among Chinese drug users are likely to have multiple factors which is comparable to that discovered in Western research.     

宽严相济政策对犯罪控制效率的兼顾

宽严相济的刑事政策以促进社会和谐为基本价值目标,但这一政策对犯罪控制的效率可能产生一定的消极影响。犯罪控制效率同样决定着社会和谐的程度,因此,实施宽严相济刑事政策必须兼顾犯罪控制的效率。其主要对策是,借鉴《联合国反腐败公约》制定的反腐败策略,在立法和司法两个层面鼓励涉嫌犯罪者与刑事执法机关合作,并以现代侦查手段武装侦查机关,提高侦查、公诉机关揭露和证实犯罪的能力。     

当代世界知识产权政策的生成背景与动因分析——以TRIPS协议为中心

以TRIPS协议为主要法律依据的当代世界知识产权政策的背景与动因,主要表现在三个方面：其一,信息技术革命和生物技术革命为其提供了技术背景;其二,“知识经济”形态和跨国公司“U”形价值链的商业模式构成其经济基础;其三,发达国家的“利益集团政治”和“寡头霸权”型全球治理架构则构成其政治条件。在上述背景下形成的当代世界知识产权政策,其正当性和合理性当存在一些疑问。