To Give or Not to Give: Modeling Individuals' Contribution Decisions

Employing data from a recent national survey on campaign finance, we examine the contribution behavior of individual citizens in the 2000 election. By disaggregating types of contributions, our model enables us to observe potential heterogeneity in the determinants of giving money to parties and candidates. We find that for both types of contributions, the effects of informational resources and solicitation on the decision to contribute outweigh those of financial resources. In addition, we propose both a theoretical and an empirical distinction between the selection effects of solicitation and the stimulus effects of solicitation. By distinguishing between these dual dimensions of solicitation, our analysis provides new insight into the causal linkages between income, solicitation, and contributions. We find that while solicitation increases the likelihood of contributing through selective targeting or rational prospecting, it also does so through a stimulus mechanism.     

社区工会参与劳动争议调解工作初探

近年来,随着我国经济结构战略性调整步伐加快,劳动关系发生深刻变化,各种利益矛盾也进一步凸显,企业侵犯职工合法权益而引发的劳动争议纠纷逐年增加。大力加强预防和调解,把矛盾化解在萌芽,把争议解决在基层,是做好当前劳动争议纠纷处理工作的必然选择,也是各级工会和各类劳动争议纠纷调解组织面临的一项重要任务。     

Community Sustainability and Land Use

Books reviewed:
Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities
Amer El-Ahraf, Mohammad Qayoumi and Ron Dowd, The Impact of Public Policy on Environmental Quality and Health: The Case of Land Use Management and Planning
Daniel A. Mazmanian and Michael E. Kraft, (eds.) Toward Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental Policy
Kee Warner and Harvey Molotch, Building Rules: How Local Rules Shape Community Environments and Economies     

Decentralizing Community Development Decisions: A Study of Oklahoma's Small Cities Program

Decentralization of the CDBG Small Cities program in 1981 gavestates great latitude in deciding how to allocate grant funds.Consequently, scholars expressed concern that, understate control,fewer CDBG funds would be expended for low- and moderate-incomebenefits via housing rehabilitation. Research on the Small Citiesprogram in Oklahoma indicates a definite shift in spending priorities.Since 1982, Oklahoma localities diverted CDBG funds primarilyto infrastructure andeconomic development instead of housing-relatedactivities, and channeled a larger amount of dollars into moderate-and median-income areas. As a result, the Small Cities programin Oklahoma, under state control, was found to provide lessdirect and immediate housing aid to lower income citizens.     

影响三茂铁路稳定的因素、原因及对策

改革开放的不断深入和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立,社会利益格局发生了新的变化,从而产生了一些社会矛盾,给较封闭、静止的铁路公安管理模式带来了冲击.本文从三茂铁路的具体情况出发,分析当前影响三茂铁路稳定的各种因素及其形成原因,提出解决影响三茂铁路稳定的对策.     

Use of Capital Budgeting Techniques and an Analytic Approach to Capital Investment Decisions in Canadian Municipal Governments

Capital budgeting techniques are useful tools to municipal administrators in managing organizational resources. A survey of capital budgeting practices of Canadian municipal governments reveals that a minority used capital budgeting techniques; payback period dominates over discounted cash flow analysis in evaluating capital investments; and pitfalls are common in its application. More specifically, there is an emphasis of quantitative/financial items over qualitative/intangible factors. In this study, the analytic hierarchy process, a multi-attribute decision model that accounts for both tangibles and intangibles, is presented as a tool for capital budgeting decisions such that resource allocation becomes more effective in municipal governments.     

论影响企业绩效和企业变革的五个基本因素

影响企业绩效和企业变革的基本因素有五个:一是企业家的意愿和能力.企业家的意愿和能力一定程度上决定着企业的管理制度和管理结构、企业的规模和精神气质.二是市场竞争.市场竞争深刻影响着企业的生产成本和效率、产品质量、售后服务以及创新能力.三是技术革命和技术创新.技术革命和技术创新对生产体系和组织管理结构影响深远.四是政府干预.政府干预影响企业之间的竞争秩序、企业的规模、企业运行成本和经济效益.五是经济体制.经济体制从根本上制约着企业的运行效率.     

Interstate and Intergovernmental Factors Affecting the Conditions of Rural Bridges

Many of the nation's rural highway bridges are structurallydeficient, functionally inadequate, or both. Rural bridges areparticularly likely to be in poor condition in states wherethe federal government plays a small role in the highway program,where local governments play a large role in highway financing,and where the chief state transportation agency is a highwaydepartment rather than a department of transportation. The assignmentof responsibilities, then, appears to influence program performance.     

我国政府问责制功效之影响因素

为使我国政府问责制建构和运行取得良好功效,就须立足我国政府管理、过程,对问责制功效之主要影响因素进行梳理和分析,进而采取相应对策和措施.这些影响因素大体可归为实体因素和制度因素两类,前者包括问责主体和问责客体;后者包括作为正式约束之问责制度和作为非正式约束之问责文化.     

公共政策执行及其影响因素分析

公共政策执行的兴起有其历史的必然性,公共政策执行在政策运行的过程中意义重大,我们有必要对影响公共政策执行的因素给以简要的分析,期待在政策执行过程中给其以足够的重视。影响公共政策执行的因素主要包括环境(政治环境、经济环境和文化环境)、资源(执行人员的投入、必要财力的投入和管理资源的投入)和组织(组织机构的合理性和组织权责的明确性)三个方面。     

影响公共政策质量的主要因素分析

高质量的公共政策是政府、科研机构及普通百姓的共同愿望,而弄清楚影响公共政策质量的主要因素乃是制定高质量公共政策的前提条件.     

大学生心理健康影响因素分析

运用文献综述法对影响大学生心理健康的因素进行分析,通过分析认为影响因素包括三个方面:第一,中国式家庭教育是基础因素,中国传统的家庭教育重视孩子的成绩而轻视孩子的道德教育和体育,在孩子心理素质的培养上有所欠缺;第二,学校教育问题,中国的学校教育没能发展学生的个性特征和才能,降低了学生的自信心,进而影响就业和工作;第三,社会因素,社会因素也同样影响着家庭教育,农民工家庭的出现导致大量的留守儿童,离婚率的上升使单亲家庭的学生量增加,这都将影响学生的心理健康。因此,学生的心理健康需要家庭、学校和社会共同来承担责任和义务。     

公共政策合法性基础与影响因素探析

合法性问题是政治学研究的一个重要问题,而作为政府政治输出的公共政策,其合法性的高低直接影响到政府统治的正当性和有效性,它是政府合法性的外在表现。从政治学的视角对公共政策合法性的含义、基础和影响因素进行探讨和分析十分必要。     

Factors Affecting Some Failure Arab States Uprising and Obstacles for Development

Some Arab states witnessed a number of uprising, which ranged from violent reactions toward their people, such as in Syria, Libya, Egypt, and Yemen, while some countries were trying to prevent these revolutions by using different measures, in which can be described as ＂cosmetic surgeries＂, such as Morocco and Tunisia. There are a number of factors, which leads Arab states to what is known ＂the failed state＂. These states for more than three decades had failed to achieve a minimum of political stability, well-being, economic, and social development for their people, to keep up with global changes in political, economic, and social reforms. Some political factors affecting Arab uprising, including lack of political reform, democracy, human rights violations, illegitimate governments, and absence of anti-corruption policy. Arab states governments had failed to achieve the minimum requirement of economic development, to solve economic chronic difficulties in transitional economies, in fields, such as food and water security, human resources development, and economic development at local and regional levels. In addition, there are social factors ignite the Arab uprising. Including high rate of unemployment, deterioration of industrial and agricultural sectors, uncontrolled migration to cities consequently increase pressure on social services and economic development of cities.     

Congressional Responses to the Rehnquist Court's Federalism Decisions

Scholars who have sought to assess the consequences of the RehnquistCourt's federalism decisions have identified various means bywhich Congress can overcome the effects of these rulings, butthere have been few efforts to investigate the degree to whichCongress has employed these means. This study finds that Congresshas enjoyed limited success in responding to the Court's rulings.Significantly, though, the failure to overcome the effects ofthese decisions is rarely attributable to the fact that theCourt's constitutional doctrines have erected insurmountablebarriers to congressional action. Rather, the Court's decisionshave forced congressional supporters of the invalidated statutoryprovisions to build and hold political coalitions in supportof the repassage of these laws, and this has frequently provedto be difficult to accomplish, whether due to a lack of enthusiasmfor such efforts, conflicts with other policy goals, or oppositionfrom other groups.     

网络学术打假与学术共同体建设

方舟子遇袭与肖传国的被捕将学术界反腐推到了一个新的高度,这是网络学术打假的功劳。网络克服了传统媒体与举报制度的诸多障碍,以“新闻事件”的形式将学术造假行为公之于众,并借助当事人及其支持者的积极互动,进行“虚拟审判”,形成强大的网上舆论,直接或间接地影响了对学术造假者的处理。在此过程中,作为对学术成果负有审查与评价责任的学术共同体,暴露出的腐败与失职行为,严重损害了其在公众心目中的形象。作为“社会的良心”,学术共同体如何加强自身建设,重塑自我,渡过信任危机？网络学术打假给我们的启示是：建立一个基于信息公开与公众广泛参与基础上的监督机制。     

影响当前农村稳定的主要因素与对策探析

我国是一个农业大国,农村能否在稳定的基础上得到发展,不仅关系到广大农民的切身利益,而且直接影响整个中国的大局。邓小平同志曾指出：“中国有百分之八十的人口住在农村,中国稳定不稳定首先要看这百分之八十稳定不稳定。”(《邓小平文选》第3卷,第65页)自1993年以后,在两年多的时间内,中国政府先后三次召开农村工作会议。这一方面说明了政府对“三农”问题的强烈关注,同时也说明目前我们的农村发展中存在着不少问题。一、影响农村稳定的主要因素1.农民增收速度减慢。改革开放以来,我国农民的收入曾有过大幅度的增长。但从1997年…     

影响少数民族学生汉语口语能力发展的主要因素

本文分析了课堂环境下影响汉语口语产出和发展因素的关系问题,确定了影响少数民族学生汉语口语能力发展的主要因素.