The Legality of the Image

Intimate links exist between political power, law and images. Theology, philosophy and law have always developed elaborate rules about visuality. The iconophilic and iconoclastic traditions complemented one another and combined to construct subjectivity and to reconcile humanity with finitude. In modernity, law replaced religion and philosophy conceptualised legality through the aesthetic category of the sublime. The law understands the importance of the governance of images for the maintenance of the social bond and helps organise a regime of permitted images and forbidden idols which amounts to a complex legal administration of aesthetics and a related aesthetic organisation of law.     

The Legality of Law

Abstract. In this paper I outline various different objects of investigation that may be picked out by word “law” (or its cognates). All of these objects must be investigated in an integrated way before one can provide a complete philosophical explanation of the nature of law. I begin with the distinction between laws (artefacts) and law (the genre to which the artefacts belong). This leads me to the distinction between the law (of a particular legal system) and law (the genre of artefacts). Then I discuss the contrast between law (the genre of artefacts) and law (the practice). Finally I comment on legality as the name of an ideal for laws and legal systems to live up to. I commend H. L. A. Hart's explanation of the nature of law for investigating these various objects in an integraed way, while nevertheless respecting the distinctions among them. I also criticise some of R. M. Dworkin's work for failing to respect the same distinctions.     

论司法解释的合法性控制

最高人民法院颁布的司法解释是我国法律体系的有机组成部分,其合法性如何实现是重要的法治乃至宪治命题.作为事后监督的规范性文件备案审查,有其固有的局限性.以系统论为研究范式,超脱备案审查视角,将司法解释的制定、实施、监督视为一个系统,是一种有效的分析工具.经由合法性控制的三个子系统,即制定过程中的预防违法、实施过程中的避免...     

The Rights of the Soviet Police and Socialist Legality

According to the decisions of the November (1982) and June (1983) Plenums of the CPSU Central Committee, the police [militsiia] and other law-enforcement agencies are to mobilize all their forces in order to strengthen public order, to guarantee the comfort and personal safety of citizens, to display a high measure of proficiency and efficiency in their work, and to adhere strictly to Soviet legislation. "The normal course of our society's development," Iu. V. Andropov emphasized, "is inconceivable without the strictest observance of the laws that protect the interests of society and the rights of citizens."¹     

论预先性自卫的合法性问题

在国家实践中出现的预先性自卫行为 ,从国际法角度看 ,既无法律依据 ,又未获得国际社会的普遍支持 ,因此预先性自卫不具有合法性     

区域法治发展与文化传统

推进区域法治发展,乃是法治中国建设应予施行的一个重要的战略与策略选择。认识和把握文化传统对于区域法治发展的基础性作用,无疑是我们打开区域法治发展现象奥秘的一把钥匙。文化传统作为一种历史惯性力量,深深地嵌入广大民众的意识、心理、习惯、行为方式及其日常生活过程之中,与社会共同体内在关联,无法分割。文化有大传统与小传统之区别,无论是文化大传统,还是文化小传统,都具有区域性的特征,对于区域法治发展进程产生深刻的影响。在迅速走上现代化道路的当下中国及其各个区域社会,需要我们重建文化传统在区域法治发展进程中的基础性地位。在这里,重要的是要把文化传统之重建有机融入大众的日常生活过程之中,使之成为日常生活过程的内在要素。     

关于反规避措施合法性的几点思考

国内学普遍对反规避措施的合法性持否定观点。但本以为,面对规避反销措施的行为,反倾销法律需要也应该作出及时和恰当的反应,以捍卫贸易自然化所取得的成果。因此,从本质上看,反规避措施不仅符合ＧＡＴＴ和ＴＷＯ所确立的公平竞争原则,而且也符合其;宗旨。     

The Legality of Legislation by Resolution

This article describes the Commonwealth Moot 2007, organized by the Commonwealth Legal Education Association, which was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in conjunction with the 15th Commonwealth Law Conference. The Moot Court competition is described from the eyes of a coach to one of the participating teams and provides an individual and unique insight into the preparations, build up and experiences gained from the competition.     

超范围征收的合法性控制

征收范围指拟征收财产的物理范围,应为公共利益(建设项目)所必需的范围。因不动产整体上紧密结合且难以分割,实际征收范围可能超出此必需范围,造成超范围征收。超范围征收与一般征收本质无异,其合法性尤与公共利益要件相关。现行征收规范不排除对被征收房屋实际情况的考虑,为超范围征收提供了合法性空间,但毕竟是征收权的扩张,应作更严格限制。可以从目的设定、手段选择、启动主体、超范围财产处置等环节入手,建立一种过程导向的公共利益保障机制,实施对超范围征收的合法性控制。     

关于软件“反向工程”合法性的思考

一、软件“反向工程”问题的提出 通过对他人软件的目标程序(可执行程序)进行“逆向分析、研究”工作,以推导出他人的软件产品所使用的思路、原理、结构、算法、处理过程、运行方法等设计要素,作为自己开发软件时的参考,或者直接用于自己的软件产品中,通常称之为软件“反向工程”。     

Legality and Justice

The present stage in the history of the Soviet state is characterized by the improvement of socialist democracy in all spheres. Legality is most closely connected with democracy. Legality ensures law and order. The policy of developing democracy does not mean that the individual will be left to himself, that observance of the laws is henceforth not obligatory, or that standards are being lowered and a nihilistic attitude toward state discipline is permissible. Certainly, the majority of Soviet people voluntarily observe the provisions of the law as a result of their great consciousness; they regard these provisions as the expression of the will of society as a whole. But at the same time, under present-day conditions, full force still attaches to Lenin's notion that "law is nothing without a machinery capable of compelling observance of its provisions."     

The WTO Legality of the EU's GSP+ Arrangement

In EC—Tariff Preferences, the Appellate Body held thatthe WTO Enabling Clause permitted developed countries to grantbetter tariff treatment to some developing countries than toothers, subject to certain conditions. It held further thatthese conditions were not met by the EU's so-called ‘drugsarrangement’, a system of additional preferences (normallyduty free treatment) for certain countries which the EU haddetermined were in need of special tariff preferences, thanksto their involvement in combating the production and traffickingof narcotics. In response to this ruling, when the EU renewedits GSP programme in 2005, it replaced its drugs arrangementand two similar, though less generous, labour and environmentarrangements with a new arrangement popularly known as the ‘GSP+arrangement’. Under this arrangement, additional tariffpreferences (normally duty free treatment), were made availableto developing countries committing to ratify and implement alist of human rights and good governance conventions. Accordingto the EU, the GSP+ arrangement complies with the AppellateBody's interpretation of the Enabling Clause. This article arguesthat it does not. This is primarily because of the substantivecriteria chosen by the EU to select GSP+ beneficiaries, whichdo not meet the Appellate Body's criteria for differential tarifftreatment of developing countries. Second, it is because theEU's requirement that would-be beneficiaries must have appliedby a certain date, replicates the problem of the ‘closedlist’ of beneficiaries that was fatal to the earlier incarnationof the EU's GSP program. The article concludes with some suggestionsfor designing a GSP+ arrangement more likely to meet the AppellateBody's conditions than the EU's present arrangement.     

和谐社会建设:法制及司法理念

和谐社会是一种稳定的社会,但在稳定中不是说没有变化,它是指变化发展中的稳定.和谐社会是指社会各要素之间的平衡状态,因而要达到和谐得使用综合的方法.但各种方法并不是均衡地起作用.其中最主要的应该是法制方法.这里的法制方法是指与和谐社会建设相适应的良好的法律规范、法律价值理念和克制宽容的司法意识形态的和谐运用.在建构和谐社会的过程中,我们应弘扬法制的妥协与克制精神,而要抑制法治的强制管理与能动的特性.我们要认真地对待规则,不要在解释中对明确的规则添加额外的含义,要充分发挥规则在和谐社会建设中调整功能.     

在惩罚犯罪与保障人权之间：关于监听的法律思考

监听是世界各国为应付犯罪形势的新变化而发展起来的一种高技术化、高隐密性的强制侦查措施，其出现对于侦查机关打击和惩罚犯罪发挥了极其重要的作用。但是另一方面，监听的采用又严重侵犯了公民隐私权，因此，各国都对监听的采用规定了严格的法律程序，以防止侦查机关滥用监听，过度分割公民权利。我国刑事诉讼立法上对监听缺乏明确规定，这不利于保障公民人权，应当加以改进。     

The Waning of Legality in the Concept of Policy Implementation

The study of "implementation" has become a favorite subject of policy sciences in recent years. In part, this interest has been stimulated by the disappointments of the "great society program" in the United States in the sixties where goals formulated at the program level very often were not implemented. In the context of European constitutional thinking, the topic gains an ideological-critical emphasis. For those who believe in the reality of normative theories of separation of powers, it comes as a surprise that though political goals may be determined at the policy-formulation level, it is at the implementation stage where decisionmakers have a full range of possibilities to fulfill or to displace such goals. Concepts similar to "policy" and "implementation" (which are untranslatable in German legal language) have nevertheless been implicit in theories claiming a tendency to replace "conditional," compliance-oriented laws with goal-oriented legislation. To the degree that executive agencies become less strictly bound by precise legal rules and more by goal-oriented policy programs, they seem to lose legal legitimacy. This has to be replaced by increasing responsiveness at the implementation phase, which can be enhanced institutionally through participation, or what we might call the "democratic legitimacy of implementation."     

高校法治与特别权力关系

依法治校是我国行政法学界新关注的热点问题。近年来一些对高校的诉讼更是将对高校的依法治理问题的讨论置于公众的广泛关注之下。高校法治并不完全排斥特别权力关系理论,而需要吸收其合理内核,并做出一定的改良。通过引入法律保留、司法救济以及正当程序原则和禁止权力滥用原则等,完善我国的高校法治理论,对学生管理权的法治化进行有益的尝试,以期对实践有所指导。     

大学伦理精神与大学自治

在传承知识、寻求真理、学术自由、思想自由等基本伦理规定性基础之上,大学所具有的人本、宽容、开放、批判性等伦理精神,为大学自治提供了一般价值合理性依据.源于西方的大学自治经验,只有完成与中国既有社会文化等制度环境的接榫,才能推动中国大学自治实现从理念到制度的转变.