On the prehistory of the German Society of Legal Medicine

The paper gives a review on the foundation of local associations of legal medicine and their journals at the beginning and in the mid of the 19th century in Germany before the German Society of Legal Medicine was founded.     

A century of the The German Society of Forensic Medicine or Legal Medicine

On 20 September 1904 the Section of Forensic Medicine of the former Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians decided in Breslau to found an independent "German Society of Forensic Medicine". The constituent assembly was held in Meran on 25 September 1905, with Fritz Strassmann from Berlin being elected as the first president. According to section 1 of the first statutes the object of the association was to "offer a platform for joint scientific work". Later the name of the association was changed several times; the last change (to "German Society of Legal Medicine") was made in 1968. The close relationship between legal medicine and criminalistics is demonstrated on the background of the historical development.     

Clinical forensic medicine and its main fields of activity from the foundation of the German Society of Legal Medicine until today

The fields mainly covered by clinical forensic medicine are subject to time-related changes which are described on the basis of the German literature of the 20th century. Some fields of forensic sexual medicine (diagnosis of virginity, proof of criminal abortion, potentia coeundi, potentia generandi, potentia concipiendi) have become less important in the daily work of medicolegal institutes, whereas victims of rape and sexual abuse continue to form a major part of the forensic examination material in the German-speaking countries. The evaluation of suspected physical child abuse has grown in importance since the 60s, and it is essentially the merit of Elisabeth Trube-Becker that this problem is now dealt with also in scientific medicine. More recently, medicolegal experts are increasingly confronted with further groups of persons: victims of domestic violence, abused/neglected seniors, refugees from countries where torture is used. A new special field, which established itself only in the 90s, is the estimation of age with regard to the criminal responsibility of suspects who have no identity papers or pretend to have none. A phenomenon frequently observed in the last two decades is the non-accidental self-infliction of injuries. Whereas in the first half of the 20th century the motive for self-mutilation was typically to evade military service, this category of injury was later mainly seen in the context of insurance fraud; more recently most forensically relevant self-inflicted injuries refer to simulated offenses (fictitious sexual offenses and robbery, attacks allegedly having a political background). One of the traditional fields of clinical forensic medicine continues to be the evaluation of victims and suspects following bodily harm and attempted homicides. In the field of civil law medicolegal experts are particularly often concerned with controversial consequences of traffic accidents (e.g. alleged whiplash injuries after rear-end collisions at low velocities).     

History of forensic serology and molecular genetics in the sphere of activity of the German Society for Forensic Medicine

In the field of forensic serology, essential developmental impulses have come from the sphere of activity of the German Society for Forensic Medicine. Among these are the orientating enzyme-reactive and specific tests for blood using crystallization tests, the determination of the species-specificity of the donor of the stain and the beginning of the individualization of a stain to its donor. Pioneering work has also been done in the development of blood group serology of the conventional markers. DNA analysis originated in the Anglo-Saxon region. The German Society for Forensic Medicine also contributed to its further progress and essentially influenced it e.g. by the discovery of microsatellite markers, including STRs, by the validation of numerous test methods, by optimization of these methods and by preliminary work for the use of mass spectrometry in DNA analysis.     

信息社会中的法学教育

中国法学教育的发展离不开所处的时代 ,今天与以往的时代最不同的特点是信息化社会的到来。信息技术以及由此带动的生命科学、纳米技术和认知科学的发展极大地影响和改变了我们的生活方式 ,也为我们提出了许多新的法律问题。如果我们的法学教育能够抓住这个机遇 ,迎接时代的挑战 ,就能站在新的起点上发展 ,我国的法学教育就有可能成为世界一流的法学教育。     

论非法人团体的法律地位

团体人格(法人)是经济发展所导致的法律调控技术发展的结果,其目的不仅在于赋予需要并且适于作为交易主体的组织以交易主体(合同当事人)资格,同时更重要的是赋予作为社会经济生活之实体存在的团体以完全的法律人格,使其能够成为财产的所有人并独立承担财产上所生之一切义务。由此,团体人格可以分为"形式人格"和"实质人格"两个侧面。非法人团体能够以自己的名义"独立"对外订立合同,但其既不能独立享有财产权利、也不能独立承担财产责任,故其仅具有团体人格之形式而无团体人格之实质。     

德语世界的法哲学——《德语法学思想译丛》总序

德语世界的法哲学可以追溯到非常久远的年代,然而,其中最具决定性影响的时期是德国的"黄金时代",也就是从七年战争(1756-1763)的末期到1870年普法战争之间的百余年时光.这个时期,一如莫扎特、贝多芬之于音乐,歌德、席勒之于文学,辛克尔、卡斯帕之于艺术,高斯之于数学以及亚历山大·洪堡之于自然科学,康德与黑格尔也先后在哲学上开启了不朽的历史.     

德国民法上的公法人制度研究

德国法上的公法人包括公法社团、公营造物和公法财团三种.对于公法人在私法领域的活动范围的限制,应当采代理权限制说.公法人实施私法行为时,应当适用私法,且法人依章程任命的代理人的行为被看作法人自己的行为.另外,有破产能力的公法人的董事有义务申请该公法人进入破产程序,否则要对债权人因迟延申请所造成的损害承担责任.德国公法人理论对于我国公法人制度的借鉴意义为:帮助我们对我国法上的公法人进行分类整理;公法人从事目的范围外的活动,应当认定为法人代表人没有相应的代表权;承认一定范围的公法人具有破产能力并强化董事等申请破产的义务;通过扩大"法定代表人"的内涵,来解决所谓的"职务代理"问题.     

Continuities and Discontinuities in German Legal Thought

How does the history of your country and its legal traditions affect your identity as a citizen, researcher, teacher? In case you happen to be from Germany, how do you live with the memory of national crimes - and the fact that legal academia identified in significant numbers with the Nazi regime? Are there affinities in German legal traditions to anti-liberal ideologies and authoritarian mentalities? How did post-war Germany face its past? The essay does not try to address these questions systematically but through a narrative which seeks to trace the biographical impact of the German history.

     

网络社会的法哲学思考

网络是人类在认识微观粒子运动规律的基础上所创造的一种通讯技术,机器人或人工智能是其精华。网络社会就是使用这一技术所产生的一种新的社会交往方式。网络社会的存在是真实的,而不是虚拟的。网络社会大大地丰富了我们的物质文化生活,缩小了交往的时空,使我们的交往更便捷、省事,但也带来了许多新的社会问题和法律问题。法律人应认识网络的这种二重性,既要充分地利用其优越性,又要认真地研究其所带来的问题。网络社会的"法"是社会化了的网络规则,它是传统社会法律的新发展。因此,网络社会的"法治"并不是对原有法律的否定和抛弃,而是在对原有法律认识的基础上创制网络社会的法律规则,并在社会治理中把它们统一起来,依据和尊重所有的法律原则和规则,注意其使用的不同维度。     

论法治社会的法律统一

法律统一是法律统一性和法律统一化的内外结合 ,具有显著的理念性、专业性和动态性。法律统一是法治社会的基本前提。然而 ,在当今中国 ,法律不统一构成了法治社会建构的巨型瓶颈。本文分析了中国法律不统一的深层原因并指出了法律统一的基本路径和具体方式。     

《德国民法典》中先买权之法律技术性质的逻辑解读

一、解读的维度及其体系性限度“每一个法律制度或法律概念都是一个系统或语境的一部分,它从这个系统或语境中确定自己的意义。变换语境后,每个孤立部分的含义在重组时,便与它们在先前的语境中所具有的含义毫无关系。”〔1〕因此,对《德国民法典》中先买权之法律技术性质的解读     

日本的法律用语与德语——关于“行为”

前言 今年5月号的连载"德语"登载了石田先生为本系列专栏撰写的有关探讨日本法律学与德语之间密切关系的论文.现代日本的法律及法律学起始于明治维新之后,从欧洲引进法律体系之时.日本法律用语中的大部分就是在这一过程中通过把德语或法语等的法律用语译成汉字而形成的,学习法律的人当中,或许会有一些人对法律用语感到有些束手无策.但是也常常遇到这样一种情况,表面上看似难解的法律用语,只要把它还原于德语或法语的原词,就变得易懂了.这是由于欧洲的许多语言中的大部分法律用语决不是法律家所独享的专门术语,而是任何人谁都会经常使用的日常用语的缘故.     

转型社会治理中的法律结构初探

一国社会治理中的法律结构本质上取决于该国国家与社会的关系,历史上对于这一关系有两种理论类型,一种是国家高于市民社会的模式,一种是市民社会高于国家的模式。它们相对应的社会治理类型分别是统治型和自治型,使用的手段分别以硬法和软法为主。实际上这两种国家与社会的关系都有失偏颇,其对应的社会治理类型也都有其不足。国家与市民社会的结构性平衡和良性互动方是最佳选择,而在其指导下的"治理"模式也最为有效。这种模式下软硬法混合施治,形成一元多样的混合法结构,最能满足转型社会时期的现实需要。     

构建和谐社会中的经济法制

和谐社会是人类奋斗的目标,要实现这一目标离不开法制建设,其中经济法制通过协调私人与社会、市场与政府、效益与公平的矛盾,通过促进和维护市场公平自由竞争,通过加强和改善宏观调控秩序,有效地促进、建设和实现着和谐社会的目标。     

为构建社会主义和谐社会提供法律保障与法律服务

胡锦涛总书记在省部级主要领导干部提高构建社会主义和谐社会能力专题研讨班开班式上发表的重要讲话,对构建社会主义和谐社会的重大意义、科学内涵、基本特征、重要原则和主要任务等作了深刻阐述,提出了明确要求。我们要紧密联系实际,用心学习,用心研究,切实履行司法行政职责,发挥五项功能,提高五种能力,为构建社会主义和谐社会提供法律保障和法律服务。(一)发挥惩治功能,提高教育改造罪犯劳教人员、确保监所持续安全稳定的能力,为构建社会主义和谐社会提供强有力的法律保障。和谐本身是一种有序的状态,社会不稳定,人民群众没有安全感,不能…     

社会中间层理论的法律重构

作为一种新兴社会现象,社会中间层组织成为了各类学术研究的共同话题,也导致了空前的争议。通过对既有社会中间层理论的总体性考察发现,以往的法学与非法学研究囿于各自分析方法和建构理念的局限性而忽略了社会中间层组织所具有的公私双重属性,使得社会中间层理论陷入了理想与现实的两难窘境。要破解这一困局,则应从中国的治理实际出发,运用法治思维、规则和制度尤其是经济法律制度,来实现国家与社会之间的"相互构建"。在具体的经济法治建设中,以"主体——行为——责任"范式为基本路径,把社会中间层的主体地位、行为边界及责任制度加以法治化,是当下中国建构国家治理体系并进而重构社会中间层理论的过程中所开展的一项最为有效的法律尝试。