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1.
This paper contributes to a rethinking of animal abuse control and animal welfare protection in criminology, specifically,
and in the social sciences more broadly. We do this, first, through a broad mapping of the institutional control complex around
animal abuse in contemporary Britain. Second, we focus on the institutional strategies and practices, past and present, of
the main agency of animal protection, and the policing thereof, in this society, namely the Royal Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). In looking back to this charity’s growth since the first decades of the nineteenth century
at the time of the birth of modern industrial capitalism and also to its current rationale and practices as a late-modern,
corporate organisation, we explore the seeming paradox of a private body taking a lead on the regulation and prosecution of
illegalities associated with animal-human relationships. Finally, the ideology and strategy of the RSPCA are explored in the
context of the often visceral and culturally influential ‘morality war’ associated with proponents, respectively, of animal
rights (‘abolition’) and ‘anthropic’ welfare proponents (‘regulation’ and ‘protection’). 相似文献
2.
The Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) concluded during the past decades have established complex interlinkages
between the institutions established by MEAs and institutions such as UNEP, UNDP and the World Bank and the funds administered
by the Bank, in particular the GEF. Questions regarding the effectiveness and legitimacy of this system of global environmental
governance have arisen both in practice and in research. This essay explores the manner in which these questions have arisen,
how they have been addressed in recent research and provides the context for the subsequent contributions to this special
issue.
Steinar Andresen is professor of political science at the University of Oslo, Ellen Hey is professor of public international
law at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam. 相似文献
3.
Sebastian Oberthür 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(4):371-391
This article investigates how and to what extent the current management of inter-institutional relationships within International
Environmental Governance (‘interplay management’) contributes to Environmental Policy Integration (EPI), and identifies options
for enhancing EPI among international institutions. To this end, it first develops a framework for the systematic analysis
and assessment of interplay management as a means for achieving ‘strong’ EPI, distinguishing four levels and two principal
modes of management. On this basis, the article assesses the current contribution of International Environmental Governance
to advancing EPI as regards three categories of institutional interaction. The analysis demonstrates the need to fit interplay
management to the particular governance conditions of varying interaction situations and highlights the lack of systematic
and consistent support for EPI among international institutions. Options to improve this situation include in particular promoting
inter-institutional learning and assistance for the benefit of environmental institutions as well as ensuring consideration
of and respect for environmental requirements. Adapting the statutes and mandates of individual institutions and developing
suitable guidance under general international (environmental) law have the highest potential for implementing these options.
In contrast, joint management initiatives and a strengthened international environmental organisation have a much more limited,
supplementary potential. 相似文献
4.
G. Kristin Rosendal 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(4):439-455
This is a study of Norway’s ambitions for influencing UN environmental policies and then on the scope for impact. On the whole,
it is clear that Norway has not been particularly successful in its general efforts at strengthening UNEP. These proposals
have failed, due mainly to opposition from key states. Norway is after all a minor player in global governance issues, even
in those pertaining to the environment. Norway has been more successful in efforts that indirectly strengthen UNEP, by supporting
UNEP in initiating new MEAs. We found three main factors that help to explain why Norway has a relatively high level of influence
at the international environmental arena compared to its size. First, there is a relatively straightforward domestic decision-making
process with little conflict. Second, Norwegian officials and NGOs possess considerable expertise in these issues, adding
to the intellectual leadership role of Norway in pushing for new principles and international legislation through UNEP. Third,
Norway is sometimes able to join forces in environmental alliances with other like-minded countries. This would seem to carry
the widest scope for increasing impact.
相似文献
G. Kristin RosendalEmail: |
5.
Mark Zeitoun Naho Mirumachi Jeroen Warner 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2011,11(2):159-178
This paper seeks to broaden the analysis of transboundary water interaction, by examining and interpreting the influence of
‘soft’ power therein. The ‘soft’ power of persuasion is understood to be exercised through discursive and to a lesser extent
ideational means, and is interpreted in terms of compliance related to distributive (conflictual) or integrative (consensual)
ends (after Scott (1994)). The focus is on inter-state water conflicts in hegemonic political contexts, where, it is found, the ‘first among equals’
has a greater ability to exploit ‘soft’ power and to determine the outcome. ‘Soft’ power is also seen to influence the choices
states make or avoid in their transboundary water interaction, which explains in part how treaties intending to manage conflict
may in fact delay or perpetuate it. For example, ‘soft’ power can be used by the basin hegemon to frame inequitable forms
of cooperation in a cooperative light, such that unfair and ultimately unsustainable transboundary arrangements are replicated
by the international donor community. Non-hegemonic riparian states also employ their capacity of ‘soft’ power, though may
find themselves with little choice other than to comply with the arrangement established by the basin hegemon. The findings
stress the importance of analysts questioning claims of interaction promoted as ‘cooperative’, and of examining the ‘soft’
power plays that underlie all transboundary water arrangements. Exemplification is provided through transboundary river basins
and aquifers around the globe. 相似文献
6.
Tim Hope 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2005,11(3-4):275-296
The social constructs and methodological principles embodied in the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale (SMS), comprising part
of the Campbell Collaboration in Crime and Justice assessment protocol, induce a series of biases in the evaluation of evidence
of crime prevention policy interventions that focus on collective social phenomena, such as communities. Applying these principles
leads to negative conclusions about effectiveness; yet their inherent ‘anti-social’ bias may induce Type II error with regard
to the desirability of ‘social’ interventions to reduce crime. Policy-making is poorly served as a result. This point is illustrated,
first, through a scrutiny of the social constructs used, including those that typify treatments, institutional settings and
units of analysis. These are seen as being constructed in a way that is congenial to the underlying methodological issue of
‘control’ but that constitute nevertheless a distorted definition of the governance issues involved in crime reduction in
community settings. A model more appropriate for evaluating voluntaristic action in civil society is needed. Second, it is
suggested that this methodological bias arises particularly in policy interventions and change programmes that address issues
concerning the ‘collective efficacy’ of local communities in reducing crime. An empirical exemplification of these arguments
is presented with reference to a completed evaluation research study (Foster and Hope, 1993). 相似文献
7.
Greg McElligott 《Critical Criminology》2008,16(2):123-144
Trends toward mass incarceration in the United States and elsewhere raise compelling questions about the social purposes of
prisons, and their role in the consolidation (and/or privatization) of the neoconservative state. This article examines two
moments of penal reform that were historically distinct, but remarkably similar in their shape and intent. Mike Harris’s Progressive
Conservatives won control of Ontario’s provincial government in 1995, and undertook a wide-ranging program of institutional
and social restructuring that was intended to transform Canada’s industrial heartland. Penal reform was central to this agenda,
but Conservative efforts here were remarkably similar to those 160 years before, when Canada built its first penitentiary.
This article compares these two moments of flux using a theoretical framework developed by James Scott. He argues that the
grand plans of ‘high modernist’ reformers, while seeking to make society more ‘legible’ and ‘rational’, tend to employ simplifications—especially
visually pleasing ones—which obscure and suppress insights that might be gained from the ‘practical knowledge’ of those closer
to the ground. They do this at their peril, for grand plans tend to fail for lack of such knowledge. The article argues that
Ontario’s experience fits neatly into these categories, except that the aim of reformers here has been to restore an old social
order, rather than to build a new one. 相似文献
8.
Ralph Henham 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2012,57(1):77-98
The paper explores the link between penal ideology and international trial justice from the perspective of sentencing. The
argument is based on the premise that the perceived legitimacy of punishment is directly related to effective governance in
criminal justice. As such, loss of faith, or lack of moral empathy by individuals and communities with the ideologies, processes
and outcomes of punishment compromises the ability of criminal trials to function effectively in maintaining the ‘rule of
law’. The paper argues that more emphasis should be given explaining the moral foundations that underpin perceptions of ‘justice’
in sociological accounts of the ‘reality’ of sentencing, and proposes an analytical framework for conceptualising this. Adopting
this approach, the paper draws on examples from national and international criminal justice to illustrate how the hegemony
of penal ideology and its implementation compromises the ability of sentencing outcomes to resonate with the trial‘s ‘relevant
audience’. The paper then focuses on how penal ideology influences the construction of the factual basis for sentencing in
international criminal trials, and considers the consequences of this for the perceived ‘legitimacy’ of international trial
justice. 相似文献
9.
10.
“Business development” is a corporate entrepreneurial capability (or competence) that has emerged in the Information Technology
industry to support that industry’s practice of co-creation of value with customers and complementors. As a set of practices
that link the firm’s value creating processes with its external environment, business development capabilities are a key factor
in the success of IT SMEs. This article examines business development functions and business developer attributes in SMEs
in the Information Technology Industry in Eastern Canada. The principal business development functions are finding profitable
opportunities in business networks, developing and maintaining partnerships, providing support for new product development,
and recognizing and responding to customer needs. The regional market and export markets require different business development
capabilities. 相似文献
11.
Malcolm Voyce 《Law and Critique》2010,21(2):183-198
It is implicit in a western understanding of law that law is a series of generalisations, which are universal and which aim
to promote social community. At the same time ‘law’ is expected to operate in a territory (rather than for specific people
or castes) where it applies, and to apply to a community of rights-bearing subjects. Such a view of law may have reflected
part of the values of the European Enlightenment where law was seen as a rational science and where religion has been seen
as excluded from law. An alternative route in the study of law is to study ‘transgressions’. The literature on ‘transgression’
suggests transgressions form an amorphous category and a proper examination of them is not closed by the normal taxonomy between
the studies of ‘law as obedience’ versus ‘laws as violation’. In one sense transgressions are part of the rule, yet a separate
category in their own right. I use the concept of ‘transgression’ to attempt to describe the legal significance of ‘violations’
in the rules of the Buddhist monks (Vinaya). I conclude that a proper consideration of the role of sexual desire in the Vinaya
allows me to show that ‘violations were accepted within an institutional framework, that ‘violators’ were not excluded from
the order of monks and that sexual experience could be seen as an alternative, if controversial, path of spiritual development. 相似文献
12.
John Vogler Hannes R. Stephan 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(4):389-413
For well over a decade, the European Union (EU) has proclaimed its leadership role in global environmental governance (GEG).
In this article, we examine both the nature of its leadership and the underlying conditions for ‘actorness’ upon which leadership
must depend. The EU’s record in the global conferences as well as its influence on the reform of the Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) are also investigated. We argue that the EU has frequently
sought to shape international environmental negotiations and promote sustainable development as an organising principle of
global governance. Despite its inadequate status at the UN and internal problems, it has had a significant effect on the global
agenda. However, due to persistent diplomatic opposition from other coalitions, its real, directly visible influence has been
more modest. For genuine directional leadership, which goes beyond the defence of self-interest, the Union will have to make
internal policy coherence a greater priority. Moreover, apart from relying solely on its weighty presence in the international
system or its potential capabilities, the EU needs to achieve a high level of credibility in order to enhance its powers of
persuasion.
相似文献
Hannes R. StephanEmail: |
13.
In this paper, it is argued that we need to understand the role of ‘hate’ in the organisation of bodies and spaces before
we ask the question of the limits of ‘hate crime’ as a legal category. Rather than assuming hate is a psychological disposition
- that it comes from within a psyche and then moves out to others - the paper suggests that hate works to align individual
and collective bodies through the very intensity of its attachments. Such alignments are unstable precisely given the fact
that hate does not reside in a subject, object or body; the instability of hate is what makes it so powerful in generating
the effects that it does. Furthermore, although hate does not reside positively in a subject, body or sign, this does not
mean that hate does have effects that are structural and mediated. This paper shows that hate becomes attached or ‘stuck’
to particular bodies, often through violence, force and harm. The paper dramatizes its arguments by a reflection on racism
as hate crime, looking at the circulation of figures of hate in discourses of nationhood, from both extreme right wing and
mainstream political parties. It also considers the part of what hate is doing can precisely be understood in terms of the
affect it has on the bodies of those designated as the hated, an affective life that is crucial to the injustice of hate crime.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Helen Stacy 《Critical Criminology》1995,6(2):63-71
The ability of Australia's indigenous people to create their own cultural identity and social reality is shaped profoundly
by the Australian legal system in various ways. The 1992Mabo decision of the Australian High Court ‘created’ a right to land tenure for Australia's indigenous people. This ‘right’ has
been further explicated by federal legislation in the post-Mabo era, in and around law. This essay analyzes the 1992Mabo decision in the context of governmental, judicial and wider social responses to indigenous issues. At several sites, it examines
‘indigenous rights’ discourse to illustrate the shifting meaning of ‘rights’ in legal currency in the indigenous debate. The
essay suggests that the ‘rights’ discourse of legal liberalism has not yet provided meaningful plurality in the recognition
of indigenous rights. 相似文献
15.
16.
Nicola Lacey 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2010,4(2):109-133
This paper puts the famous story of Jekyll and Hyde to work for a specific analytic purpose. The question of responsibility
for crime, complicated by the divided subjectivity implicit in Mr. Hyde’s appearance, and illuminated by Robert Louis Stevenson’s
grasp of contemporary psychiatric, evolutionary and medical thought as promising new technologies for effecting a distinction
between criminality and innocence, is key to the interest of the story. I argue that Jekyll and Hyde serves as a powerful
metaphor both for specifically late Victorian perplexities about criminality and criminal responsibility, and for more persistently
troubling questions about the legitimacy of and practical basis for criminalization. A close reading of the story illustrates
the complex mix of elements bearing on criminal responsibility-attribution, and—incidentally—helps to explain what is wrong
with the influential argument that, by the end of the nineteenth Century, attributions of responsibility in English criminal
law already rested primarily and unambiguously on factual findings about the defendant’s state of mind. Far from representing
the triumph of a practice of responsibility-attribution grounded in the assessment of whether the defendant’s capacities were
fully engaged, I argue that the terrain of mental derangement defences in late nineteenth Century England helps us to understand
that longer-standing patterns of moral evaluation of character remained central to the criminal process. And precisely because
‘character’ remained key to the institutional effort to distinguish criminality and innocence, the ‘terror’ of Stevenson’s
story resides in its questioning of whether either scientific knowledge or moral evaluation of character can provide a stable
basis for attributions of responsibility. In conclusion, I will also suggest that Stevenson’s tale can help us to make sense
of the resurgence of overtly ‘character-based’ practices of responsibility attribution in contemporary Britain and the United
States, which themselves reflect a renewed crisis of confidence in our ability to effect a ‘dissociation’ between criminality
and innocence. 相似文献
17.
Stavros Afionis 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2011,11(4):341-360
While the leadership role of the European Union (EU) in the climate change regime has been largely acknowledged, less attention
has been paid to identifying the reasons why the EU often fails in climate change negotiations. Such an undertaking is deemed
imperative following the negative for the EU turn of events at the 2009 Copenhagen climate summit. There is sufficient literature
to be found on the link between the Union’s unique and complex organizational structure and its inability to act cohesively
and purposefully. This study seeks to add to this corpus by looking at the extent to which the EU has been able to learn from
its mistakes and incorporate timely remedial action. Even though important, the EU’s failures as a global actor cannot be
explained by only looking at its ineffective institutional architecture. A more systematic understanding of the reasons behind
EU’s failures in climate talks is in fact needed. By using Underdal’s theory of ‘negotiation failure’, this study tries to
explore the extent to which negotiation theory could help with better comprehending the obstacles that prevented the Union
from getting more out of the climate negotiation process. 相似文献
18.
19.
Daniel Raveh 《Journal of Indian Philosophy》2008,36(2):319-333
The article offers a close reading of the famous upanişadic story of Indra, Virocana and Prajāpati from the eighth chapter
of the Chāndogya-Upanişad versus Śankara’s bhāşya, with special reference to the notions of suşupti and turīya. That Śankara is not always loyal to the Upanişadic texts is a well-known fact. That the Upanişads are (too) often read
through Śan-kara’s Advaitic eyes is also known. The following lines will not merely illustrate the gap between text and commentary
but will also reveal an unexpected Upanişadic depiction of ‘dreamless sleep’ and ‘transcendental consciousness’. Suşupti is described here as ‘one step too far’, as a ‘break’ or discontinuity in one’s consciousness; whereas turīya is depicted positively, and surprisingly even in wordly terms. Unlike the third state of consciousness in which there is
no ‘world’ nor ‘me’, and which is described through Indra’s character as ‘total destruction’ (vināśa); in turīya, the world ‘comes back’, or rather the ‘renouncer’ returns to the world. Sankara’s position, as far as the story under discussion
is concerned, is radically different. For him, the Upanişadic story illustrates the continuity of consciousness in all its states. For him, the identification with merely one of the consciousness-states
is an error (adhyāsa) which causes suffering. Consciousness prevails even in suşupti, and turīya has nothing to do with ‘coming back to the world’, since there is nowhere to come back from or to. Turīya, as seen by the Advaitin, consists of all the other states of consciousness together, or as K. C. Bhattacharyya puts it,
‘It is not only a stage among stages; it is the truth of the other stages’.
The article is dedicated to Prof. Daya Krishna (1924-2007). 相似文献
20.
Mark Austin Walters 《Critical Criminology》2011,19(4):313-330
This article attempts to put forward a more holistic vision of hate crime causation by exploring the intersections which exist
between three separate criminological theories. Within the extant literature both Robert Merton’s strain theory and Barbara
Perry’s structured action theory of ‘doing difference’ have been widely used to explain why prejudice motivated crimes continue
to pervade most communities. Together the theories help to illuminate the sociological factors which act to create immense
fear of, and hatred towards, various minority identity groups. However, neither of these theories adequately explain why some
individuals commit hate crimes while others, equally affected by socio-economic strains and social constructions of ‘difference’,
do not. This article therefore moves beyond such macro explanations of hate crime by drawing upon Gottfredson and Hirschi’s
A General Theory of Crime (1990). Using typology research carried out by various academics, the article attempts to illustrate how socio-economic strains
and general fears of ‘difference’ become mutually reinforcing determinants, promulgating a culture of prejudice against certain
‘others', which in turn ultimately triggers the hate motivated behaviours of individuals with low self control. 相似文献