Chapter 20: Oligophrenia (Congenital Dementia)

In psychiatry, oligophrenia, or congenital dementia, refers to a group of pathologic mental states that are congenital or acquired in early infancy. The general and principal sign of oligophrenia is a deficiency in intellectual activity — feeblemindedness of varying degrees — combined with disturbance of other aspects of the cognitive process, above all with affective and volitional disorders and various physical and neurological symptoms. Korsakov pointed out that an incapacity to comprehend the meaning and substance of things and phenomena and a frequent absence of purpose in intellectual acts were characteristic of patients with this condition. As a rule, oligophrenia is not marked by an exacerbation of pathologic mental changes, and in this respect it differs from other mental diseases. Congenital dementia is distinguished from acquired dementia, which is characterized by a reduction or disintegration of normal mental activity as a result of some pathologic process.     

妨害传染病防治罪研究（3）

第六章妨害传染病防治罪的量刑 量刑,是人民法院在认定犯罪事实和犯罪性质的基础上,依法决定对犯罪分子是否判处刑罚,判处何种刑罚以及是否立即执行刑罚的一种审判活动.我国<刑法>第61条规定:" 对于犯罪分子决定刑罚的时候,应当根据犯罪的事实、犯罪的性质、情节和对于社会的危害程度,依照本法的有关规定判处."因此,量刑必须有严谨的态度和科学的方法,遵循一定的基本原则,以保证合法、正确地将刑罚运用到犯罪事实、性质、情节和社会危害性各异的具体案件中去.     

妨害传染病防治罪研究(1)

本文是关于现行<中华人民共和国刑法>第330条规定的妨害传染病防治罪的研究课题.全文共分7章.分别对传染病危害与防治的历史与现状、传染病防治的中外立法概况、妨害传染病防治罪的概念、妨害传染病防治罪的犯罪构成、妨害传染病防治罪的认定、妨害传染病防治罪的量刑和有关妨害传染病防治罪的立法研究所涉及的问题进行讨论.第一章研究古今中外传染病的发生、流行和人民群众同传染病做斗争的艰难历程,指出传染病曾经给人们带来的巨大危害,阐明传染病防治的重要性.第二章介绍古今中外关于传染病防治的立法概况,指出关于传染病防治的立法是传染病防治措施的重要组成部分,历史久远而且有待继续加强.第三章论述传染病防治罪的概念,并对中外刑法保护传染病防治管理秩序的发展历程以及必要性作了概要的研究.第四章对妨害传染病防治罪犯罪构成特征的各个方面进行深入剖析,这是认识和把握妨害传染病防治罪的关键,也是全文的重点.第五章是认定妨害传染病防治罪应该注意的问题,阐述了妨害传染病防治罪与一般违法行为的区别,妨害传染病防治罪与相关犯罪的异同点,以及妨害传染病防治罪的特殊形态.从而更好地、全面地认识和把握该罪.第六章简单论述了对妨害传染病防治罪量刑过程中应理解和注意的几个方面,最主要的是应坚持贯彻刑法罪刑相适应原则的主观与客观相统一.第七章讨论有关妨害传染病防治罪的立法问题,主要是对引起艾滋病传播的行为应否规定为犯罪而处以刑罚,以及如何定罪处罚.并对疯牛病防治问题进行立法探讨.     

妨害传染病防治罪研究(1)

本文是关于现行《中华人民共和国刑法》第 330条规定的妨害传染病防治罪的研究课题。全文共分 7章。分别对传染病危害与防治的历史与现状、传染病防治的中外立法概况、妨害传染病防治罪的概念、妨害传染病防治罪的犯罪构成、妨害传染病防治罪的认定、妨害传染病防治罪的量刑和有关妨害传染病防治罪的立法研究所涉及的问题进行讨论。第一章研究古今中外传染病的发生、流行和人民群众同传染病做斗争的艰难历程 ,指出传染病曾经给人们带来的巨大危害 ,阐明传染病防治的重要性。第二章介绍古今中外关于传染病防治的立法概况 ,指出关于传染病防治的立法是传染病防治措施的重要组成部分 ,历史久远而且有待继续加强。第三章论述传染病防治罪的概念 ,并对中外刑法保护传染病防治管理秩序的发展历程以及必要性作了概要的研究。第四章对妨害传染病防治罪犯罪构成特征的各个方面进行深入剖析 ,这是认识和把握妨害传染病防治罪的关键 ,也是全文的重点。第五章是认定妨害传染病防治罪应该注意的问题 ,阐述了妨害传染病防治罪与一般违法行为的区别 ,妨害传染病防治罪与相关犯罪的异同点 ,以及妨害传染病防治罪的特殊形态。从而更好地、全面地认识和把握该罪。第六章简单论述了对妨害传染病防治罪量刑过程中应理解和注     

妨害传染病防治罪研究(2)

第四章妨害传染病防治罪的犯罪构成 犯罪构成,是指我国刑法规定的某种行为构成犯罪所必须具备的主观要件和客观要件的总和.本文采取通说即4要件说,分别从妨害传染病防治罪的客体、客观方面、主体、主观方面进行讨论.     

妨害传染病防治罪研究(2)

第四章妨害传染病防治罪的犯罪构成 犯罪构成,是指我国刑法规定的某种行为构成犯罪所必须具备的主观要件和客观要件的总和.本文采取通说即4要件说,分别从妨害传染病防治罪的客体、客观方面、主体、主观方面进行讨论.     

Congenital determinants of violence

Specialization--the predisposition to violent behavior persisting over an extended period of time--is considered in relation to congenital factors, to determine whether such factors are contributory to this predisposition. Congenital factors include inherited characteristics and perinatal experiences. Evidence for inherited characteristics in criminal behavior is approached through family studies, the study of twins, and adoption studies. Of those three, adoption studies provide the most fertile ground for study. Predisposition toward criminal behavior is noted to be limited to property crime. The second congenital factor is the perinatal experience. Minor physical anomalies appear to be strongly related to hyperactivity and later criminal involvement, but only if the offender was reared in an unstable, nonintact family. Indices of perinatal problems relate to later violent crime, rather than to property crime, and may have as their basis some form of trauma occurring very early in life.     

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in a case of suspected chronic heavy metal poisoning

We describe a patient who died of suspected heavy metal poisoning after a nine-month history of rapidly worsening dementia. Autopsy at a forensic-pathological institute established the postmortem diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) based on demonstration of the proteinase-resistant prion protein (PrPsSc) in Western-Blot on native brain tissue. Microscopic examination of the macroscopically largely inconspicuous brain revealed marked spongiform changes in the gray matter--mainly affecting the cerebral cortex, nucleus caudatus, and putamen--with confluent vacuoles. Patchy or perivacuolar deposits of PrPSc were found as well as granular PrPsc deposits. The cerebellum contained focal PrPsc deposits. There was an astrogliosis in the white matter and a proliferation of microglia in the gray matter with a simultaneous clear reduction in neuronal elements. The differential diagnosis is discussed, as is the potential risk to those performing autopsy on forensic cases with a clinical picture of rapidly progressing dementia, especially in cases where a prion disease is not initially suspected.     

Congenital atrioventricular block: histological aspects

It is known that maternal immunological factors such as systemic disease are involved in the genesis of cardiac conduction problems in the fetus but the histologic changes in the conduction system are less documented. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with no significant medical history. Her first pregnancy was induced by Clomifene. At 17 weeks of gestation, the fetus presented sonographic abnormalities characteristic of a complete atrioventricular block. Biological investigations found anti-SSA and -SSB antibodies. Clinical history search for systemic disease was positive for photosensitivity, lasting 10 years, suggesting the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient was treated with prednisone 20 mg per day but fetal death occurred at 29 weeks of gestation. Histological examination of the fetal heart showed an altered atrioventricular node and bundle of His with fibrosis, calcifications, endocardial fibroelastosis and mononucleated inflammatory cells. The search for these specific lesions can be determinant in establishing the disease pathogenesis; also, it is important to eliminate this diagnosis in an unexplained fetal death.     

Comparison between computed tomography (CT) and autopsy findings in cases of abdominal injury and disease

We report 10 autopsy cases involving fatal pathological changes in abdominal organs, for which findings of computed tomography (CT) on admission or after death were compared with autopsy findings. Two of the cases were death due to natural causes and eight were death due to traffic accidents. From the findings at autopsy, the causes of death were considered to be rupture of an aortic aneurysm in one case, gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastric cancer in one case, retroperitoneal bleeding in two cases, laceration of the liver in three cases, and traumatic rupture of the small intestine in three cases. CT findings revealed ascites or retroperitoneal bleeding in eight cases. However, in the cases of small-intestinal rupture, CT findings on admission revealed no free air. Therefore, ascites on CT should be regarded as a useful indicator of blunt abdominal trauma. Hepatic portal venous gas, known to be a post-mortem change, was significantly evident on post-mortem CT in cases of traumatic liver or intestinal injury, and was also seen in cases where the period between the accident and CT examination was long.     

Sudden death in an adolescent four years after recovery from mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease)

A case is presented of sudden death during physical activity in a 15-year-old boy with clinically inactive mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease). At autopsy, the coronary arteries were involved by multiple aneurysms and obstructive thrombi, and the left ventricular myocardium was extensively scarred. Although Kawasaki disease most commonly occurs in infants and young children, it may be a cause of sudden death in adolescents.     

德国反限制竞争法(续)

(1 998年 5月 7日修正 )第二编　卡特尔当局第一章　总　则第四十八条 [管辖权 ]( 1)卡特尔当局是联邦卡特尔局、联邦经济部以及依州法享有管辖权的州最高机关。( 2 )本法的规定未将某项管辖权赋予特定的卡特尔当局的 ,如影响市场的效果、限制竞争行为或歧视性行为或竞争规则的效果超越一个州的范围 ,则由联邦卡特尔局承担和享有本法赋予卡特尔当局的任务和权限。在其他一切情形 ,由依州法享有管辖权的州最高机关承担这些任务并享有这些权限。　　第四十九条 [联邦卡特尔局与州最高机关 ]( 1)联邦卡特尔局开始进行程序或进行调查的 ,应同时…     

Survey of American (USA) Gasolines (2008)

The regulations for gasoline's content vary depending on the time of year and physical location within the United States while the refinery and distribution system mixes product batches; this results in variability of content. ASTM E1618 requires both the aromatic and alkane EIP patterns of gasoline to compare with references. A survey was conducted by collecting gasoline from Florida to Oregon, from 85 to 93 octane. Samples were analyzed in accordance with ASTM E1618 in various states of evaporation. The range of differences found in the 90% evaporated alkane EIPs is presented and showed a continuum of response when the n-alkane response was compared with the branched alkane response. Similarly, the ratio of the alkane EIP to the aromatic EIP also showed a continuum of response at the 90% evaporated state. Gasoline samples with unusual characteristics are also discussed.     

Medicare program; end-stage renal disease (ESRD) payment exception requests and organ procurement costs--HCFA. Final rule

These final regulations specify the criteria HCFA uses to determine if a facility that furnished dialysis services to Medicare patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) qualifies for a higher payment under an exception to its prospectively determined payment rate and the procedures HCFA uses to evaluate ESRD payment exception requests. These regulations also revise the way HCFA computes acquisition costs for organs that are transplanted into Medicare beneficiaries.