Deviant Youth Groups in Italy and France: Prevalence and Characteristics

This paper sets out to compare the existence of Juvenile deviant groups in both France and Italy and their characteristics. The comparison between Italy (N = 5,236) and France (N = 3, 353) is based on the ISRD study of the year 2006 and shows that the term “gang” is commonly used to refer to a group of friends only. The strongest associated variables in both countries to illegal acts are the acceptance of doing illegal things, taking part in delinquent acts, considering the group as a gang as well as spending a lot of time in public places. Delinquent activity of Juvenile delinquent groups varies from one country to another and the French respondents show a greater participation in deviant youth groups than the Italians. Results show some differences in gender participation with a greater involvement of boys, although girls also take part in deviant or delinquent activities, both in Italy and France. At risk behaviour significantly characterises the young participants as well as victimisation. This last point highlights that although deviant or potentially dangerous, these young people are also more vulnerable and in need of protection.     

国际航空犯罪法人刑事责任及其国内立法转化研究

2010年《北京公约》和《北京议定书》首次规定了国际航空犯罪法人责任,法人责任以法人的高级管理人员代表法人实施劫持航空器等国际航空犯罪为要件,法人为此承担刑事、民事或行政责任。公约对法人犯罪及其责任的立法需要转化为国内法才能适用。世界各国国内法对法人犯罪及其责任的态度差别较大,英国、加拿大、法国等国刑法规定有航空犯罪的法人刑事责任,德国国内法规定有航空犯罪的法人行政责任,意大利刑法规定有航空犯罪的法人民事责任,我国仅在个别航空犯罪中规定有法人犯罪及其刑事责任。我国法人犯罪及其刑事责任的立法和理论具有较强的包容性,可在我国刑法中取消法人犯罪法定化限制,全面规定包括航空犯罪在内的法人犯罪及其刑事责任。     

平台用工劳动权益保护的立法进路

我国互联网平台工人数量多达数千万,且增长迅速。平台工人面临身份不明确、工作时间长、收入不稳定、职业伤害保障缺失、算法运行不合理等突出问题。由于平台用工的特殊性,现有劳动法及其司法实践难以为平台工人提供有效保护。近年来,越来越多的国家,包括美国、法国、意大利等对平台工人进行了专门立法。我国有必要出台平台工人权益保护专门立法。平台工人权益保护立法的基本思路是确保符合"劳动者"标准的工人得到劳动法保护,并为一般平台工人提供基本劳动权益保障。立法应通过劳动关系举证责任转移规则,使平台工人身份得到正确归类。平台工人的基本权益内容应根据所有工人应享有的基本权益、平台用工的灵活性以及平台主要依靠算法运行的特点而设计,应赋予平台工人平等就业、职业安全卫生、工资、工时、加入工会和集体协商等方面的权利,以及与算法相关的权利。     

反恐视角下穿着遮面长袍行为的法律规制——基于新疆地区的研究

遮面长袍并非维吾尔族的传统服饰。穿着遮面长袍的行为与宗教极端思想渗透密切相关,它危害社会稳定,侵蚀民族传统文化,侮辱妇女人格,违反男女平等原则。近年来,法国、比利时等国先后颁布了禁止在公共场所穿着遮面长袍的法律。为维护社会稳定,保障国家文化安全,防止宗教极端思想渗透,我国有必要借鉴法国、比利时等国的立法,由全国人大制定禁止在公共场所穿着遮面长袍的法律,违者由县级公安机关处以一定数额的罚款。     

Constitutional Adjudication and Democracy. Comparative Perspectives: USA, France, Italy

The article sketches out questions that constitutional adjudication represents for democratic theory. After taking into account some of the reasons for the early emergence of judicial review in the United States, it considers different modalities of constitutional control in European countries (notably, France and Italy). Attention is drawn to the different mechanisms of referral, leading, for instance, to the political monopoly in France and to the (quasi) monopoly of the judiciary in Italy. Denying any sovereign power to the organs exercising constitutional control, the article puts forward the thesis that constitutional adjudication guarantees ultimately the control of political super-majorities over legislative majorities.     

MEDICALLY ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART) AND HUMAN RIGHTS — THE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

The present article examines how the progress of science, and in particular, medically assisted human reproductive technologies (ART) have provoked a revolution in the sphere of family relations, generating a series of ethical and legal conflicts. The article focuses on the European perspective, without ignoring the international sphere, given the globalization of the phenomenon. The emerging legal issues are analyzed through the filter of international human rights, not only an important aspect to take into consideration in the context of bioethics in general, but a “passage obligé” given that certain concepts find their explanation and coordinates in international human rights law. It is from this perspective that the relationship between ART and human rights is presented. The applicable international and European legal instruments and principles shall be mentioned, as well as a brief comparison of national legal frameworks in Europe. The emerging bioethical and legal issues are examined in correlation with the response of the European Court of Human Rights through its case law aimed at balancing conflicting rights when faced with issues pertaining to ART. Lastly, the article presents in more detail the particular legal issues under debate in France and Italy, two European countries with specific legislation in the field.     

论侦查制约权的立法配置与实践困境——以意大利法为中心

在刑事诉讼制度中最能体现诉讼模式价值趋向的莫过于侦查制约权的配置模式，1988年的《意大利刑事诉讼法典》引入了许多当事人主义理念，建立起了以侦查法官为核心、检察官职能分立、律师广泛参与的侦查制约体系。然而，由于在这种权力配置模式的设计过程中，起主导作用的是学者和立法者，作为法律实务工作者的司法警察、检察官、法官和律师的意见并未得到充分尊重。立法的缺陷直接导致这种权力配置模式缺乏实践基础，新法运行时间不长就出现了“警官抵制检察官，法官抱怨检察官，律师无所适从”这样一种恶性循环局面。作为深受大陆法系影响的我国而言，对意大利侦查制约体系的转型过程和实践效果进行考察，会给我们思考侦查制约权优化配置这一问题提供启示。     

The National Judiciary—Sword of European Court of Justice Rulings: The Example of the Kohll/Decker Jurisprudence

The role of the national judiciary in enforcing EC law, and particularly European Court of Justice (ECJ) rulings, has been largely neglected by empirical legal and political science research. Existing research has categorised the role of the national judiciary as either shielding national legislation from the ECJ or as serving as a ‘sword’ to foster integration and to force change on reluctant governments. This article sides with the second assumption and attempts to empirically assess it using the example of the patient mobility jurisprudence by the ECJ, the so‐called Kohll/Decker jurisprudence. The three case studies on France, the UK and Germany show that national courts played an important role in overcoming the resistance against this jurisprudence: via a multiplication of national court cases that contradicted domestic legislation they forced the legislator to end judicial uncertainty.     

法国行政判例制度及其借鉴

法国具有成文法传统,普通法院法官断案原则上以成文法为依据,判例没有当然的拘束力。唯独在行政法领域,法国很早就建立了行政判例制度,最高行政法院的判例具有当然的拘束力。行政判例在法国行政诉讼中发挥了巨大的作用,极大地提升了行政法院的公信力,法国行政诉讼制度至今亦为世界所尊崇。就我国行政立法与行政审判的现状而言,迫切需要建立行政判例制度,法国行政判例制度对我国具有一定的借鉴意义。     

论业主委员会的法律地位

业主委员会的性质和地位问题,是《物权法》颁布前后一直没有明确的问题。应当尽快通过制定配套法律法规、实施细则和司法解释等途径来解决这一问题。立法上应当借鉴外国立法经验,仔细研究法国、德国等国相关立法现状,确认符合条件的业主团体的法人资格,细化业主委员会相关制度,加强政府有关部门对业主委员会工作的指导和协助,进一步理顺业主与业主大会和业主委员会的关系,以此解决我国《物权法》实施过程中在业主委员会制度方面可能出现的问题。     

自由裁量权视野下的紧急监听

法律自身的局限性与犯罪侦查内在规律的客观要求决定了紧急监听的立法确认有其必然性。对美国、加拿大、德国、意大利等国家和地区紧急监听制度的考察为我国紧急监听制度的构建提供了重要的参照系。我国将来在进行刑事诉讼法再修改时应当建立紧急监听制度,同时,为了防止这一措施的滥用,必须加强对紧急监听的法律控制,为此,在将“紧急情形”法定化时,还要注意事后追认、紧急监听未获法官认可的法律后果等配套制度的创建。     

意大利医疗事故立法简介及借鉴意义

意大利的公共卫生体系综合绩效在世界排名第二，意大利在处理医疗事故的立法和实践有着先进经验。意大利医生面临刑事责任和民事责任的双重风险，常规医疗程序中医师负有举证责任，并且意大利具有完善的医师保险体系。我国应在司法实践中加重医生医疗事故罪的刑事诉讼的比例，区分不同情况分配举证责任，并逐渐建立和完善医师保险体系。     

论法律意义上的仲裁地点及其确定

The paper studies the concept of the place of arbitration in comparing with the legislation and practices of international commercial arbitration. It also stresses on the connection and distinction between the place of arbitration, the place of hearing, and the place where the arbitration tribunal deliberates the case, as well as the method of deciding the place of arbitration. The author also analyzes the current legislation and practices of the determination on the place of arbitration in China. The paper pointed out that it is important in both theory and practice to promote international arbitration in China and amend domestic arbitration legislation in determing place of arbitration properly. Zhao Xiuwen, professor, has been teaching international business law in the law school of Renmin University of China since 1984. She used to be a Fulbright research scholar in Georgetown Law Center of George Washington University and other universities (USA), and as a visiting professor in universities and research institutes (UK, Germany, Italy, Austria and Australia). She also works in the panel of China International Economic & Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb), Singapore International Arbitration Center (SIAC) and some local arbitration commissions in China. She is the author of several books and dozens of articles in the field of international business law and commercial arbitration, i.e. arbitration system in Hong Kong, international economic law, private international law, copyright, international commercial arbitration, international economic and trade arbitration law, etc.     

The United Kingdom's Immunity from Seizure Legislation

The UK's Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) has introduced legislation to provide immunity from seizure for cultural objects on temporary loan from other countries to approved museums and galleries in the UK. The legislation is aimed at facilitating the cross-border lending of objects and bringing the UK into line with other countries such as the United States, France and Germany, that already afford such legal immunity. In the absence of immunity legislation in the UK, many museums and private lenders had been reluctant to loan their objects because of the risk that they might be seized by creditors seeking to settle financial disputes or by claimants contesting ownership of the works. This article examines whether the new law will be effective to provide museums and lenders with the protection they have been hoping for and asks whether it goes too far in depriving claimants of legal rights and remedies.     

Memory Laws: An Escalation in Minority Exclusion or a Testimony to the Limits of State Power?

The article addresses the tension between nation‐state memory and the law through “memory laws.” In contrast to laws that ban genocide denial or a positive perception of a violent past, I focus on laws that ban a negative perception of a violent past. As I will show, these laws were utilized for a non‐democratic purpose in the last decade or more: They were proposed in order to limit public debate on the national past by banning oppositional or minority views, in contrast to the principles of free speech and deliberative democracy. Their legislation in such cases also stands in opposition to truth‐telling efforts in the international arena. I compare two cases of memory legislation, in contemporary Russia and Israel, and evaluate their different impacts on democratic public debates in practice. A third case of “failed legislation” in France compliments the analysis by demonstrating not only the capacity but also the limitation of state power to silence or control public debate using the law. Although national laws often reflect majority culture and memory, I propose that memory laws in Russia, Israel, and France present an escalating degree of minority exclusion—from omission to active banning.     

Judicial Review, Administrative Review, and Constitutional Review in the Weimar Republic

Abstract.   Judicial review ( richterliches Prüfungsrecht ), administrative review ( Verwaltungsgerichtbarkeit ), and constitutional review ( Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit ) are three different ways in which the judiciary has sought to control the executive and legislative powers of the state. Historically and functionally they are closely linked. I intend to discuss them in their German context, focussing, in particular, on the Weimar Republic, that is to say, on the period between 1919 and 1932. Although I shall not be addressing the highly interesting parallels with the U.S. Supreme Court, or with the comparable courts in Italy, France, and, especially, Austria, I should like to invite attention to them, for there is really no Sonderweg in Germany as far as these developments are concerned.     

In Search of Better Quality of EU Regulations for Prompt Transposition: The Brussels Perspective

Abstract:  Better regulation cannot be achieved without serious attention to transposition. The quality of EU regulation is crucial to ensuring that Community law is promptly transposed into national law within the prescribed deadlines. But good quality transposition (clear, simple, and effective) goes beyond pre-legislative consultation processes and more frequent use of impact assessments as agreed in the 2003 Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Lawmaking. Presenting new data that covers the full population of all EU transport directives from 1995 to 2004—including the national implementing instruments of France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK—this study shows that elements of the EU directives delay transposition. The binding time limit for transposition, the EU directive's level of discretion, its level of detail, its nature and further characteristics of the directive's policy-making process are all factors. These determining factors are crucial to explaining why Member States miss deadlines when transposing EU Internal Market directives. Brussels' efforts to simplify and improve the regulatory environment have to go beyond more preventive action to strengthen the enforcement of EU legislation at the member-state level if they want to address the Internal Market constraining effects of Member States' non-compliance. This study argues that far-reaching decisions made in the European Commission's drafting and EU policy-making phase have the greatest effect on the European regulatory framework in which businesses operate and the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital is at stake. Implementation should be part of the design.     

欧洲国家人类辅助生殖的法律规制

欧洲所有国家都有关于规范辅助生殖的全面立法计划。欧洲国家的立法机构在调整辅助生殖的过程中在个人生育权与负责任的生殖实践和养育子女有关的信念之间寻求平衡。欧洲关于辅助生殖的立法分为宽容型、谨慎型和禁止型。意大利和西班牙作为具有天主教悠久历史的两个国家,在调整辅助生殖立法方面走上了两个截然相反的道路。医师团体、女权主义者、堕胎问题对于欧洲国家辅助生殖立法进程起到了重要作用。     

Some Questions Pertaining to the Study of Government in the System of Legal Education

Courses in government represent different proportions of the curriculum in the system of legal education in various countries. In bourgeois states, it is usually only the public (constitutional) law of their own country and so-called "political science," often amounting to several years in the curriculum (as in Canada, Ethiopia, etc.), that are studied as general disciplines. The object of political science includes, specifically, a comparative study of the political and legal systems of the world (sometimes a number of subdisciplines are combined with constitutional law to comprise a general discipline — constitutional law and political institutions, as is the case in France, for example); but, basically, "political science" goes far beyond the confines of the study of government. In the bourgeois countries, the other subjects in the field of government are handled as special or elective courses, but their scope is very limited. Legal education as such, in the system of training personnel for the administration of justice, is limited essentially to the study of legal institutions. Higher educational institutions and departments of political science are used in the USA, England, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, India, etc., to train higher and middle-rank officials.