RECENT STUDIES ON THE HPV VACCINE GARDASIL: ADDENDUM TO OCTOBER 2008 NOTE

This Note advocates that states require all females entering the sixth grade to be vaccinated with the HPV vaccine Gardasil, as a means of preventing cervical cancer deaths in the United States. States that do pass such a mandate would receive federal funding to help disperse the cost of the expensive three-dose vaccine, especially to those females most in need. Subject to each individual state's mandate, parents would be allowed to opt their children out of such a mandate for either, religious, medical, and/or philosophical reasons.     

股东代表诉讼中公司的地位和作用 以美国特别诉讼委员会制度为中心

<正>一、前言当股东提起追究董事责任的股东代表诉讼时,公司董事会往往处于一种非常尴尬的状态之中。一方面,作为股东大会选任的公司经营机构,在公司利益遭受损失时应代表公司行使权利,追究责任者的损害赔偿责任;另一方面,股东代表诉讼中所涉及的行为往往与董事会本身有着密切的联系,被追究责任的董事也多数是一同共事的同僚,这样一种特殊的关系会无形中     

THE REVENGE OF THE TRAIL SMELTER: ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AS EXPROPRIATION PURSUANT TO THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

[N]o state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury … in the territory of another or the properties or persons therein, when the case is of serious consequence and the injury is established by clear and convincing evidence. ¹
Under the polluter pays principle, the community effectively "owns" the environment, and forces users to pay for damages they impose. By contrast, if the community must pay the polluter, the implicit message is that the polluter owns the environment and can use and pollute it with impunity. ²     

REEXAMINING SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY USING CALLS TO THE POLICE AS A MEASURE OF CRIME*

This study examines social disorganization theory using calls to the police during 1980 in 60 Boston neighborhoods. These data, based on complainant reports of crime rather than official police reports, allow further investigation of differences in findings based on victimization data and official crime data. The rates of assault, robbery, and burglary are regressed on poverty, mobility, racial heterogeneity, family disruption, and structural density. Interaction terms for poverty and heterogeneity, poverty and mobility, and mobility and heterogeneity are also explored. Results from this study support findings from recent victimization studies and earlier ecological studies using official counts of crime. Poverty and heterogeneity, along with family disruption and structural density, are found to be important ecological variables for understanding the distribution of crime rates among neighborhoods.     

STRICTLY LIABLE: GOVERNMENTAL USE OF THE PARENT–CHILD RELATIONSHIP AS A BASIS FOR HOLDING VICTIMS LIABLE FOR THEIR CHILD'S WITNESS TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Studies estimate that between three and ten million children in the United States witness domestic violence annually. Although studies have demonstrated a co‐occurrence of domestic violence and child abuse, there is no concrete evidence to support the assumption that a child's exposure to domestic violence increases the risk to the child of abuse or neglect. Recently the New York State Court of Appeals determined that a child's witness to abuse does not suffice, in and of itself, to show that removal of the child is necessary or that removal is in the “best interests” of the child. Programs which have developed alternatives to presumptive removal understand the importance of viewing the interests of the battered parent and children as being in accord with each other rather than in opposition. Private and government sponsored programs have demonstrated some success in protecting the parent‐child relationship, ensuring the safety of both parent and child, and increasing accountability of batterers while reducing the necessity for removals. Alternative programs are less costly to the state than foster care, and emotionally less costly to the families.