集装箱运输中若干法律问题的探讨

近年来集装箱运输实务中频繁出现电放单、船期表、滞箱费等法律纠纷 ,对建立在以调整传统散杂货的《海牙规则》、《维斯比规则》基础上的我国《海商法》提出了新的挑战 ,本文结合我国最新司法实践 ,就我国海事法律如何适应运输实务的新发展提出了若干思考。     

论征地补偿费分配的反思与重构

我国征地补偿费分配纠纷数量不断上升，涉及人数众多，矛盾尖锐。征地补偿费分配纠纷的症结在于分配范围不清，分配对象不明和分配方案不公。我国应当拓宽补偿范围，完善补偿费发放制度，明确集体所有权人，确立集体成员的识别标准，设定最高留存比例，健全村民自治，从而确保征地补偿费公正、有序、合理的分配，以构建和谐、稳定的社会主义新农村。     

论FRAND承诺的性质及其价值

FRAND承诺是标准制定组织为专利权人创设的一种普遍性的义务.一方面,标准制定组织通过创设这种义务可以避免自身卷入具体的标准必要专利纠纷,另一方面,这种普遍性的义务能够为标准实施者提起诉讼进入司法解决通道提供一块“跳板”,为标准实施者提供了请求的依据.FRAND承诺的价值不在于直接确定具体的标准必要专利许可费,而是通过FRAND这样模糊的表述使得标准制定组织、专利权人和标准实施者都能够实现利益寄托.当发生纠纷以后,FRAND能够为纠纷的解决提供原则性的指导,但司法机关无法直接依据FRAND原则确定具体的许可费,标准必要专利许可费需要法院在个案中综合考虑各种因素进而将抽象的FRAND原则具体化后才能够确定.     

民事案由确立方法的探索

一、民事案由确立的现状民事案由确立的标准,在我国民事法律或民事政策中虽未作出专门规定,但长期以来,在审判实践中已形成一套习惯的确立方法,上级部门也是以此作统计的,可谓“约定俗成”。目前民事案由大体分以下几类:(一)婚姻家庭类:离婚、脱离(解除)收养、抚养(费)、赡养(费)扶养(费)等;(二)财产类:债务、欠款、钱款、返还物品、继承、析产、损害赔偿;(三)房物类或房屋纠纷类:产权、租赁、使用、强占房屋、逼迁、迁让等;(四)关系类:邻里纠纷、家庭纠纷。     

一起海上保险代位求偿案

海上货物运输货损保险代位求偿纠纷中,作为原告的保险公司对非保险事故的赔付,在被告提出明确、有效的抗辩时,保险公司不能取得代位求偿权。     

未激活信用卡收年费问题辨析

随着信用卡在生活中的普及,纠纷逐渐增多,未激活也要收年费,令许多消费者诟病。本文从附条件合同、格式合同解释和格式条款效力角度分析,认为未激活信用卡不应收费.     

探索创新谋发展 因地制宜求实效——奉化市构建民调工作新机制的几点做法

近年来,我市根据本地区特点,在探索和建立新颖调解工作机制和调解网络上下功夫,摸索并运作了预案工作机制,预警性信息报送机制,海上调解和外来人口矛盾纠纷调解等工作机制,在化解矛盾纠纷和维护一方稳定中发挥了不可替代的作用。     

审理船员劳动(劳务)合同关系存续期间海上人身损害赔偿案件的有关问题

船员劳动(劳务)合同纠纷与海上人身损害赔偿纠纷是两类不同性质的案件。2001年8月9日最高人民法院《关于海事法院受理案件范围的若干规定》(以下简称《受案范围》)对这两类案件分别作了规定,第一类的第8项将“海上人身损害赔偿案件”列为海事纠纷案件,指“船舶在海上或者通海水域进行航运、作业或者     

物业服务费收缴主体的错位与回归

在众多的物业管理纠纷中,涉及物业服务收费的纠纷又是其中的重点和难点。应当理清其中的基础法律关系,明确物业服务费收缴主体应当是物业服务合同的一方当事人——建筑物区分所有权人组织,而不是物业服务企业,从而使物业服务企业走出困扰其发展的收费困境。     

军事舰艇、政府公务船对海商法适用之比较研究

海商法是调整海上商业活动的法规,军舰和政府公务船则从事公务活动,并不是从事海上商业性活动。一般来说,它们不受海商法的限制。本文拟从军舰、公务船在特有情况下介入海事纠纷后,如军舰与商船发生碰撞;军舰与商船发生救助时是否享有救助报酬;以及军舰与商船碰撞后或救助后是否享受责任限制的问题,     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

中国法治备忘录——2007年中国法治亮点巡礼

2007年,是中国法治建设又好又快发展的一年，也是法治中国与和谐社会交相辉映的一年。特别值得指出的是，党的十七大报告对中国特色社会主义法治建设作了全面的部署，明确提出了“全面落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家”的要求。     

溺死法医学鉴定的研究新进展

综述了近年来在硅藻检验、水中浮游生物叶绿素（A）检测、血液化学和组织化学检验等方面的最新文献报道,并对各种溺死检验方法的优缺点进行了评价：在硅藻检验中,硝酸乙醇法、破机罐法及微波消解法,可缩短检验时间,提高办案效率;酶消化法及PCR法硅藻检出率高,适用于可疑水样中硅藻密度低等情况。早期器官组织中浮游生物叶绿素（A）、血液和组织中其他生化指标,可作为鉴定溺死的重要参考。微量元素锶检测可用于鉴定海水中溺死。另外,硅藻及其他浮游生物遗传多态性片断PCR,可望成为新的、灵敏的溺死检测方法。     

承运人迟延交付赔偿责任辨析

本文主要根据《海商法》,同时结合《民法通则》的有关规定 ,就承运人迟延交付赔偿责任构成的要件 ,责任范围 ,责任限制 ,及责任的免除等方面对海运承运人迟延交付法定见赔偿责任进行分析。     

德国表见证明理论在医疗诉讼证明责任分配中的运用

医疗纠纷诉讼中医患双方处于"武器"不对等状态。因此,如何从诉讼上对此加以救济首当其冲。我国《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》从证明责任倒置的角度加以平衡。然而此规定既与《民法通则》相关规定相左,又和他国立法经验有别。德国在医疗诉讼中所采用的表见证明理论可供我国未来立法所借鉴。     

数字虚拟切片技术在武汉市中心城区水域春季硅藻调查中的应用

目的建立武汉市中心城区水域春季的硅藻形态及相对构成比数据库。方法2012年3、4月期间,在武汉市中心城区的主要河流、湖泊、公园水域中共选取32个采水点并进行水样采集,利用数字虚拟切片工作站（OLYMPUS-DotSlide）采集图像,对硅藻进行种属鉴别和计数。结果共检见14种硅藻藻属,各水域所含硅藻种类及相对构成比有所差异。结论本研究结果提高了硅藻的阳性检出率、计数的准确率以及溺死诊断的效率,可为溺死案件中相应水域的硅藻比对提供基础检测平台,为溺死地点的推断提供依据。     

顶空气相色谱法测定血液中乙醇不确定度的评估

目的 评估血液中乙醇测定结果的不确定度。方法 用顶空气相色谱法测定血液样本中乙醇质量浓度,从测定程序分析测量不确定度的来源,计算测定结果的不确定度。结果 血液样本中乙醇质量浓度两次测定平均值为1.00mg/mL,扩展不确定度为0.02 mg/mL。结论 血液中乙醇测定结果的不确定度主要来源于平行测定的误差。     

Role of alcoholization in pathogenesis of morphological changes in substance abusers

Morphological manifestations of combined intoxication with ethanol and narcotics are described. Special attention is paid to changes in the liver which were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific features in the pathological processes concomitant with combined intoxication are described; high incidence and expression of morphological markers of alcoholism in subjects abusing both ethanol and narcotics in comparison with "pure" alcoholics were determined. These features can be used in forensic medical and pathological (autopsy) diagnosis of chronic narcotic intoxication and its combination with alcoholism.     

The politics of abortion in the House of Representatives in 1976

The discussion in the U. S. Congress preceeding the passage of the 1976 Hyde Amendment, prohibiting the use of Medicaid funds for abortions, was described and the results of a multivariate analysis of the factors influencing the votes on the amendment in the House of Representatives were presented. Between June 24-August 10, 1976 there were 3 roll call votes on the amendment in the House of Representatives and during this period support for the amendment increased from 54%-69%. Multiple classification analysis was used to analyze the relative influence of 11 independent variables on the voting behavior of the representatives. The 11 variables included 1) the age, educational level, sex, and religious affliation of the representative; 2) the representative's party affliation, degree of constituent support, and previous voting record on liberal issues; and 3) the average income, racial composition, geographical location, and the % of urban residents in the representative's district. The factor which served as the best indicator of the representative's vote on the amendment was the representative's previous voting record on liberal issues. Those with more liberal voting records tended to vote against the amendment and those with more conservative voting records tended to vote for the amendment. The 2nd best predictor of amendment votes was the religious affliation of the representative. Catholic representatives, compared to Protestant and Jewish representatives, were more likely to support the amendment. Geographical location of the representative's district was a moderate indicator of the representative's vote on the amendment. Representatives from the south were more likely to support the amendment. The degree of constituent support for the representative in his own district was also a moderate indicator of the representatives vote on the amendment. The 11 factors together accounted for 1/3 of the votes.     

Identification of alprazolam in hair in two cases of drug-facilitated incidents

The use of a drug to modify a person's behaviour for criminal gain is not a recent phenomenon. However, the recent increase in reports of drug-facilitated crimes (sexual assault, robbery) has caused alarm by the general public. Among the drugs that can be used, alprazolam (Xanax), an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, has been seldom observed. To document two cases involving this drug, we have developed an approach based on hair testing by LC-MS/MS. After pH 8.4 buffer incubation and extraction with methylene chloride/diethyl ether (80/20, v/v), hair extracts were separated on a XTerra MS C18 column using a gradient of acetonitrile and formate buffer. Alprazolam and diazepam-d5, used as internal standard, were detected by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. In the first criminal case, alprazolam tested positive in two consecutive 2 cm hair segments at 4.9 and 2.4 pg/mg, from a 12-year-old girl, assaulted by her father who had sedated her three or four times. In the other case, alprazolam was detected in four consecutive 1cm hair segments at 3.1-0.4 pg/mg, obtained from an adolescent who had been forced to prostitute herself.