不同种类毒品在定罪量刑时能否“等价折算”

[案情]2011年11月,王某在其住处被公安机关抓获。公安机关当场查获其非法持有的海洛因9克和甲基苯丙胺1.4克。王某对以上事实供认不讳。本案争议点在于:同一犯罪行为涉及到不同各类毒品时,在确定定罪量刑的标准时能否折算。[速解]本文认为,可以"等价折算"成其中任一种,从而认定王某构成非法持有毒品罪。首先,不同种类毒品"等价折算"的做法没有违背罪刑法定原则。毒品类犯罪的规定中对于各种毒品数量间用"或者"连接。将"或者"解释为不同类毒品间"可以"折算是一种必要     

知识产权犯罪刑罚完善论要

我国知识产权犯罪刑罚设置中存在着刑种配置不当、罪刑设置不均衡等问题.在新一轮的知识产权法律变革中,应当取消管制刑,采用限额或者倍比罚金制,完善单位犯罪中有关责任人员的刑事责任,降低销售假冒注册商标的商品罪、非法制造、销售非法制造的注册商标标识罪的法定刑.针对不同的商业秘密犯罪行为规定不同的法定刑.     

试论非法种植毒品原植物罪

为了有效地惩治日益严重的毒品犯罪,1990年12月28日由第7届全国人代会第17次会议通过颁布的《全国人大常委会关于禁毒决定》(下称决定)对毒品犯罪行为增加了“非法种植毒品原植物罪”等几个新的罪名。这是我国为最大限度地抑制预防毒品犯罪的孽生,铲除毒源,协调国际反毒品斗争,在刑事法律中对原毒品犯罪的规定作出新的修改与完善。一、非法种植毒品原植物行为独立成罪的意义。《决定》第6条规定的非法种植毒品原植物罪,是指违反国家有关规定,非法种植毒品原植物数量较大或情节严重的行为,按当今国际惯例主要是指非法种植罂粟、古柯、大麻等植物。(一)新增加该罪名,是对刑法关于毒品犯罪规定的进一步健全与完善。如众所知,     

论毒品犯罪的罪名与刑罚适用

本文认为,《禁毒决定》规定的毒品犯罪共有:走私毒品罪,贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪,非法持有毒品罪,包庇毒品犯罪分子罪,窝藏毒品罪,窝藏毒品犯罪所得的财物罪,掩饰、隐瞒出售毒品获得财物的非法性质和来源罪,非法运输、携带制毒物品进出境罪,非法种植毒品原植物罪,引诱教唆、欺骗他人吸食、注射毒品罪,强迫他人吸食、注射毒品罪,非法提供毒品罪12个罪名。指出在处罚毒品犯罪时要准确地把握《决定》第11条和第14条的法定情节,正确地适用附加刑以及恰当地运用处罚毒品犯罪共犯的原则。     

持有型罪群证明责任、立法评析及司法适用

持有是作为与不作为之外的第三种行为;持有型犯罪的证明责任,从根本上说是一种推定;持有假币罪和非法持有毒品罪的法定刑配置过重;持有型犯罪与其上游或者下游犯罪之间是补充关系的法规竞合;持有型犯罪没有未遂和中止存在的余地,只有成不成立犯罪的问题;家庭成员之间一般不宜作为持有的共同犯罪处理;持有型犯罪罪状中的"明知"字样以去掉为宜.     

非法持有毒品罪中的刑事推定问题

非法持有毒品罪,是我国刑法规定的毒品犯罪的一种,同走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪相比,罪行较轻。从该罪名的立法沿革来看,非法持有毒品罪为走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪的堵截式规定,隐含了对毒品持有行为这一客观事实在法律规范上的推定,这种推定同刑法规定的其他持有型犯罪,如巨额财产来源不明罪、非法持有国家绝密、机密文件、资料或其他物品罪等罪的推定情形相比,有其特殊性。     

简论非法持有毒品罪

1990年12月28日,全国人大常委会通过了《关于禁毒的决定》(以下简称《决定》),这一《决定》是打击毒品犯罪的法律武器和法律依据,它规定了若干具体的毒品犯罪,其中包括非法持有毒品罪。非法持有毒品罪,是指故意非法持有毒品的行为,是我国刑事法律中出现的第一个、也是迄今为止唯一的一个持有罪。在刑法理论上,持有罪是指行为人因持有某种物品所构成的犯罪。从各国刑法     

论非法制造、销售非法制造的注册商标标识罪的几个问题

刑法理论界对于非法制造、销售非法制造的注册商标标识罪的研究相对薄弱.本文从历史沿革角度研究本罪的罪名、罪状和法定刑的逐步完善;提出犯罪客体应属复杂客体,犯罪对象应包括注册服务商标标识;区分伪造与擅自制造应以是否具有印制商标标识经营权和是否受商标所有人委托为标准;"情节严重"应在完善现有立法和司法解释的基础上合理运用;本罪的主观罪过方面可以是间接故意.     

浅谈非法持有“麻古”的定罪数量问题——以钟某非法持有毒品案为例

非法持有毒品,特别是非法持有新型毒品（如摇头丸、麻古等）的构罪数量问题一直以来存有争议,司法实践中也有按照纯度折算后再考虑是否达到构罪数量的做法。本文从某省部分司法解释出发,探析立法原意,提出毒品含量只应在量刑时予以考虑,而不影响定罪。文中认为实践中按照纯度折算后再计算毒品数量的做法有突破立法之嫌。     

金融犯罪最新刑事立法论评

我国金融犯罪最新刑事立法的内容包括提高多个罪名的法定刑,罚金刑无限额化,共犯行为正犯化以及提高个别罪名的入罪门槛。金融犯罪最新刑事立法延续了"以重刑化为主"的趋势,凸显了立法者对金融犯罪的关注以及从严打击的态度。金融犯罪最新刑事立法呈现出新的特点:不再新增罪名、对罪状的修改较少,重视证券关联犯罪和非法集资类犯罪的修订,并强调保护企业产权。金融犯罪最新刑事立法提高非法集资类犯罪法定刑不可取,罚金刑无限额化不合理,对金融科技带来的新型刑事风险不重视且缺乏对私募基金管理刑法规制的内容。金融犯罪刑事立法应当提高非法吸收公众存款罪的入罪门槛,增加金融科技刑法应对方面的内容以及明确私募基金管理人及从业人员的刑事责任。     

论吸毒者持有毒品行为之定性与定量

吸毒者涉毒案件在毒品犯罪中占有较大比重,其定性与处罚为司法实践所重点关注,其间,既涉及罪与非罪之界定,也涉及此罪与彼罪之区分,当具体分析认定:吸毒者为了自己吸食、注射而非法持有较大数量毒品的,应以非法持有毒品罪论处;对以贩养吸者持有毒品的,应根据其持有毒品的目的、数量,结合证据使用规则,分别以贩卖毒品罪、非法持有毒品罪或者非罪定性处理;对吸毒者已经吸食、注射之毒品不得再计入非法持有毒品的数量之中。     

互易毒品行为定性“相对说”之提倡——兼与孙万怀教授商榷

互易毒品与贩卖毒品之间是一种交叉关系,将互易毒品行为一律不作为犯罪处理或一律作为犯罪处理,在方法论上存在错误,由此而划定的互易毒品的内涵,也为罪刑法定原则所不容。根据互易毒品的形式与实质,结合现行刑法关于涉毒犯罪的规定,确立＂相对说＂将成立买卖关系的高纯度与低纯度毒品、硬性毒品与软性毒品以及相同纯度但数量不等毒品间的互易,作为贩卖毒品罪处理,其他情况的互易毒品行为不作为犯罪处理,才是合适的。     

药品安全的刑法保护

在当前药品安全的严峻形势下，刑法作为保障药品安全的最后一道防线，应当进一步强化对药品安全的保护作用。尽管《刑法修正案（八）》对药品安全的本罪进行了相应的修改，但现行刑法关于药品安全本罪的规定依然存在犯罪归属体系错误、主观罪过范围过窄、犯罪行为规定不全面、罚金刑规定过于原则、资格刑缺失等不容忽视的问题，针对这些问题刑法还应当作出进一步的修正，以期实现对药品安全的周全保护。     

Drugs and crime revisited

The relationship between drugs and crime is investigated, building on previous research by Huizinga, Menard, and Elliott and by Goldstein and his colleagues. The previous research is extended by examining the relationship between drugs and crime at different stages of the life course, adolescence and early adulthood; by extending the age range used in previous research by Huizinga and colleagues; and by examining the impact of adolescent substance use and illegal behavior on adult substance use and illegal behavior. The results are consistent with past research in finding that (1) for initiation, the “drug use causes crime” hypothesis is untenable because crime typically is initiated before substance use; (2) more serious forms of crime and substance use usually are initiated after minor forms of those behaviors, and rarely in the absence of such behaviors; and (3) once crime and substance use are initiated, each appears to increase the likelihood of continuity of the other or (equivalently) to reduce the likelihood of suspension. Beyond results from prior research, it also appears that (4) crime and drug use are more closely related in adolescence than in adulthood, and that (5) examination of the transition from adolescence to adulthood suggests that the most plausible conclusion is that drugs and crime are related by mutual causation: crime affects drug use and drug use affects crime.     

Police Officers on Drug Corners in Philadelphia,Drug Crime,and Violent Crime: Intended,Diffusion, and Displacement Impacts

On May 1, 2002, the Philadelphia Police Department launched Operation Safe Streets, stationing officers at 214 of the highest drug activity locations in the city 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Interrupted time series (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) models on weekly data isolated citywide and local program impacts on all violent crimes, murder, and reported drug crimes. Results showed no significant impacts on citywide weekly counts for drug crimes, homicides, or all violent crimes. Geographically focused analyses showed significant localized intervention impacts for both violent and drug crimes. Analyses of high‐drug‐activity non‐intervention sites suggest: the program impacts seen were not an artifact of history or local history; significant spatial diffusion of preventive benefits for violent crime; and probably significant spatial displacement for drug crime. Stationary targeted drug‐enforcement interventions like Operation Safe Streets may differentially affect the locational selection processes behind violent crime versus drug crime.     

The association between multiple drug misuse and crime

Research that has investigated the association between specific drug types and crime has tended to focus on the specific drug type in isolation from other drugs. The main problem with this is that it cannot be assumed that the association between specific drug use and crime will be the same regardless of the additional drugs consumed. The research aimed to investigate whether there was a correlation between number and type of drugs used and involvement in crime. The analysis of multiple drug use was based on data collected as part of the New English and Welsh Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program in the United Kingdom. The results showed that both the number of drug types consumed and the particular drug type combinations used explained offending rate. The research concluded that the investigation of links between multiple drug use and crime might help inform antidrugs strategies and treatment services.     

谈互联网上毒品犯罪及对策

互联网因其现代化、科学化、高效率、高覆盖及无国界等优点,迅速走进人们的生活,同时也给不法之徒进行犯罪活动提供了契机。目前通过互联网订购、销售毒品、进行在线毒品交易、提供制毒配方等互联网上涉毒案件已出现,网上毒品犯罪已成为全球毒品犯罪的最新发展动向,引起各国政府及执法部门的高度关注。     

毒品犯罪死刑司法适用标准研究

死刑是我国遏制毒品犯罪的一项重要刑罚措施,然而,由于司法实践中对毒品犯罪死刑适用标准的理解存在偏差,如机械理解《刑法》第347条的规定,导致毒品犯罪死刑适用标准过低,对毒品犯罪中不应当判处死刑与判处死刑“不是必须立即执行”的界限把握不当等。虽然毒品犯罪死刑适用情形较多,但控制毒品犯罪的效果并不明显。为充分保障人权及有效发挥死刑在预防毒品犯罪中的作用,必须在以人为本的理念下,坚持等价性、必要性和不得已性三个原则,根据《刑法》第48条之规定所体现的严格限制死刑的精神,正确理解《刑法》第347条第2款关于毒品犯罪死刑适用条件的规定,合理确立毒品犯罪死刑适用标准。     

PATTERNS OF DRUG USE,DRUG TRAFFICKING,AND OTHER DELINQUENCY AMONG INNER-CITY ADOLESCENT MALES IN WASHINGTON,D.C.*

This paper examines (1) the relationship between drug involvement among inner-city youths and the commission of other kinds of crime, (2) the role of drug use in crime commission, (3) the connection between crime and drug procurement, and (4) the factors that distinguish between individuals as a function of (a) levels of involvement in drug trafficking and (b) drug usage and criminal activity. Drug use and trafficking were both related to other criminal activities; the type of drug involvement was related to the type of crimes reported. The heaviest users were significantly more likely than nonusers to commit property crimes and drug traffickers were significantly more likely to commit crimes against persons than were respondents who did not sell drugs. Adolescents who used and sold drugs were the most likely to commit crimes against persons and property, and at the greatest rate. Still, for every type of crime reported in the past year, only a minority of offenders reported ever using drugs while committing the crime or said that they committed any type of crime in order to obtain drugs or money to obtain drugs. Most youths appear to commit crime for reasons completely independent of drugs.     

持有型犯罪的立法扩张与司法限缩——基于法益保护与人权保障的平衡

近年来持有型犯罪立法呈现迅速扩张的趋势,而持有型犯罪与刑法人权保障机能存在天然紧张关系,在司法上应限制持有型犯罪的适用。除非法持有枪支罪外,不应认为持有型犯罪的正当性根据(处罚根据)在于持有行为本身的抽象性危险,而应认为持有型犯罪属于一种立法推定性规范。处罚吸毒者持有、运输毒品的行为,系变相处罚吸毒行为,有违罪刑法定原则。不应简单地将持有型犯罪看作继续犯;非法持有枪支罪以外的持有型犯罪,持有期间的法律变更不具有溯及力,追诉期限应从持有之日而非结束持有状态之日起算。主动交代存在来源不明的巨额财产,成立巨额财产来源不明罪的自首;巨额财产来源不明罪判决生效后查明来源的,应当撤销原判决,以所查明的来源定罪处罚。