眼球运动参数在图片填充测验中识别合作程度的准确性分析

目的研究不同眼球运动参数在识别颅脑外伤所致精神障碍患者在图片填充测验过程中合作与不合作的准确性差异。方法收集进行精神伤残程度评定的颅脑外伤所致精神障碍患者140例,以韦氏智力测验中“图片填充”的21张图片作为刺激图片,根据二项必选数字记忆测验及鉴定专家意见分为合作组与不合作组,通过SMI眼动追踪系统获取研究对象在完成21张图片填充过程中的眼球运动参数,利用ROC曲线评估眼球运动参数在识别颅脑外伤患者在精神伤残程度评定中合作与不合作的准确程度。结果就整个图片填充测验过程而言,眨眼次数、注视次数、瞳孔直径、眼跳次数、眼跳潜伏期、眼跳平均加速度、眼跳平均纵向速度、眼跳峰值纵向速度的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值大于0.5,其中眨眼次数的AUC值为0.645,优于其他眼球运动参数。具体到单个刺激图片,眨眼次数在特定刺激图片下的AUC值可大于0.8,瞳孔X轴直径的AUC值可大于0.7。结论眼球运动参数识别颅脑外伤所致精神障碍患者合作与不合作的准确程度与刺激图片有关,眨眼次数分辨合作与不合作的准确性要优于其他眼球运动参数。     

眼动追踪仪在测谎中的应用

目的探究眼动追踪在测谎中的应用价值。方法使用随机数字法将40名被试分为两组,实验组在实施模拟犯罪后利用眼动追踪仪记录其在观察靶刺激和非靶刺激时的瞳孔直径、注视时间、注视点和眨眼次数,对照组直接采集眼动数据。采用t检验分析实验组和对照组在观察靶刺激与非靶刺激时眼球运动参数的差异,用Pearson相关系数分析存在差异的眼球运动参数之间的相关性,用受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线估计眼球运动参数甄别实验组与对照组的有效性。结果实验组观察靶刺激与非靶刺激时相比,平均瞳孔直径减小、注视时间延长、注视点减少(P<0.05),但眨眼次数的差异无统计学意义。对照组在观察靶刺激和非靶刺激时上述指标的差异均无统计学意义。实验组平均注视时间与注视点呈负相关(r=-0.255,P<0.05),平均注视时间与平均瞳孔直径之间呈负相关(r=-0.218,P<0.05),注视点与平均瞳孔直径之间呈正相关(r=0.09,P<0.05)。平均瞳孔直径、平均注视时间和注视点的曲线下面积分别为0.603、0.621和0.580。结论眼动追踪仪所测得的平均瞳孔直径、平均注视时间和注视点在实验室条件下可以用于测谎。     

微视野“固视稳定性”与视敏度相关性分析

目的探讨微视野检查中的"固视稳定性"与视敏度的相关性及其法医学价值。方法应用国际标准对数视力表对64名眼底损伤者进行视敏度检测,应用MP-1微视野仪行固视稳定性检查。将受检者按固视性质分为3组:固视稳定组、固视相对不稳定组、固视不稳定组;分别统计3组间视敏度的差异。结果①视敏度均值及标准差:稳定组为4.8±0.3;相对稳定组为4.4±0.3;不稳定组为4.0±0.16。单因素方差分析结果,F值19.244,P<0.05;提示3组间的视力水平存在统计学上的显著性差异。②视敏度与2°、4°范围固视百分率之间均有相关性,Pearson相关系数分别为0.631、0.732,P<0.05。③视敏度与2°、4°范围固视百分率之间均有线性关系,其一元线性回归方程分别为:Y=3.520+1.521X1;Y=2.487+2.389X2(Y为视敏度,X1、X2分别为2°、4°范围固视百分率)。结论微视野检查中的"固视稳定性"具有客观预估视敏度区间的法医临床学实用价值。     

基于眼动追踪测量认知负荷变化的犯罪心理测试

目的探索可用于认知犯罪心理测试的眼动指标及测试方法。方法对被测人进行视觉、听觉双通路-双任务模拟案件犯罪心理测试,要求被测人对相同问题分别进行诚实回答和欺骗回答,对不同眼动数据和行为数据进行分析。结果注视点离靶、眼跳次数、眨眼间隔随认知负荷（实施欺骗时）增加而增大,并未发现瞳孔变化与答题策略间存在特定关系。结论注视点、离靶距离等眼动指标能有效分析认知负荷变化且应用于认知犯罪心理测试。     

眼球突出度测量方法的比较及其法医学意义

目的比较Hertel突眼度计及CT测量两种眼球突出度测量方法的差异,探讨其法医学应用价值。方法选取56例眼部无损伤及疾病的正常人作为正常组,在确定规范的CT影像工作站上测量眼球突出度绝对值,并比较双眼眼球突出度有无差异。选取47例单侧眼眶骨折的伤者,根据两眼有无眼眶骨折,将其分为伤眼组及健眼组,分析Hertel突眼度计及CT测量两种方法测得同一眼眼球突出度绝对值的差异以及同一受检者双眼眼球突出度相对差值的差异。结果 CT法测量正常人双眼间眼球突出度差异无统计学意义。健眼组CT法测得眼球突出度绝对值为(16.66±5.41)mm,Hertel突眼度计测得眼球突出度绝对值为(16.16±4.45)mm,两组测量结果之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。伤眼组应用两种方法测量的眼球突出度绝对值之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两种测量方法测得的眼球突出度相对差值在伤眼和健眼组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CT法与突眼度计法具有较好的一致性,可以运用于法医学鉴定实践。     

视敏度与固视性质检查的相关性

目的 探讨固视性质检查在客观评估视敏度方面的可行性.方法 应用MP-1微视野仪检查75例眼底损伤者的固视性质,将受检者分为中心固视组、不确定组、偏心固视组.分析三组间视敏度的差异,同时对视敏度与微视野视网膜平均光敏感度的相关性进行Pearson相关、回归分析.结果 （1）视敏度检测显示,中心固视组为4.80±0.16,不确定组为4.20±0.45,偏心固视组为3.40±0.57.单因素方差分析提示,三组间视力水平的差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.（2）视敏度（y）与视网膜平均光敏感度（x）之间均存在线性关系：y=-18.76＋6.21x,Pearson相关系数为0.707（P＜0.05）.结论 视敏度与固视性质检查之间存在统计学意义上的正相关,固视性质检查具有客观预估视敏度区间的法医学价值.     

An insight into forensic document examiner expertise for discriminating between forged and disguised signatures

It has previously been shown that forensic document examiners (FDEs) have expertise in providing opinions about whether questioned signatures are genuine or simulated. This study extends the exploration of FDE expertise by evaluating the performance of eight FDEs and 12 control subjects at identifying signatures as either forgeries or the disguised writing of a specimen provider. Subject eye movements and response times were recorded with a Tobii 1750 eye tracker during the signature evaluations. Using a penalty scoring system, FDEs performed significantly better than control subjects (t = 2.465, p = 0.024), with one FDE able to correctly call 13 of the 16 test stimuli (and three inconclusive calls). An analysis of eye movement search patterns by the subjects indicated that a very similar search strategy was employed by both groups, suggesting that visual inspection of signatures is mediated by a bottom up search strategy. However, FDEs spent greater than 50% longer to make a decision than the control group. The findings are suggestive that for some stimuli FDEs can discriminate between forgeries and disguises, and that this ability is due to a careful inspection and consideration of multiple features within a signature.     

应用PRVEP P_(100)空间频率阈值客观评定视力的价值分析

目的研究图形翻转视觉诱发电位(PRVEP)P100波空间频率阈值在不同眼损伤情况下预估视力的价值,以期指导相关法医临床学鉴定。方法选取诊断明确、主观视力准确,另眼矫正视力基本正常(≥4.9)的法医学鉴定案例74例,共148眼别。分为4组:屈光间质混浊组(23眼别)、视网膜病变组(31眼别)、视神经病变组(20眼别)、健眼正常对照组(74眼别)。对上述案例进行图形翻转视觉诱发电位检查,记录P100空间频率阈值,并对空间频率阈值与视力的对数值,两者进行线性相关分析。结果184眼PRVEP空间频率阈值与视力的对数值之间呈显著的正相关(r=0.84,P<0.01),说明PRVEP P100空间频率阈值是客观评定视力的良好指标。但不同部位病变或损伤对PRVEP检测结果的影响不同,视神经病变组PRVEP空间频率阈值与主观视力两者间无统计学相关性(r=0.4,P>0.05)。结论PRVEP P100空间频率阈值是客观评定视力水平的良好手段,但不适用于严重的视神经病变等伴有视野显著缺损时的视力评定。     

Study: The Lack of Significant Association of the Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) Gene Polymorphism in Violent Offenders with Mental Retardation

Abstract:  Little is known about criminality of cognitively impaired people and also there have been no reports on the relationship between catechol- O -methyl transferase (COMT) and committed Mental Retardation (MR) subjects. In the present study, the association between committed (violent offences) MR subjects and genetic variants of COMT were investigated by using polymerase chain reaction and based restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. During 6 years of follow-up, 36 violent offenders with mild MR were investigated. Thirty-six control volunteers were included in the study as a control group. H/L polymorphism of the COMT gene was investigated in these two groups. In conclusion, the COMT gene genotype distribution and allele frequency is not significantly different between the two groups ( p  > 0.05). This result suggests that the H/L polymorphism of the COMT gene does not show an association with the potential of "commits-violent offense" of Turkish subjects with mental retardation, compared with control group.     

Securing reliable information in investigative interviews: coercive and noncoercive strategies preceding turning points

ABSTRACT

Investigative interviewers apply a range of physical, cognitive, social or legalistic strategies to secure information from suspects. The perceived effectiveness of coercive and noncoercive strategies on turning points was examined by interviewing 34 practitioners and 30 high value detainees in East Asian and Western jurisdictions. Each recounted an interview with an initially uncooperative detainee who became cooperative, or an initially cooperative detainee who became resistant or silent. Analyses of interview narratives identified perceived turning points in the practitioner-suspect relationship associated with clear outcomes. Independent of jurisdiction, 56% of the noncoercive strategies were associated with cooperation, yielding reliable information in 49.4% and true admissions in 20.0% of the cases. In contrast, coercive strategies were perceived as more ineffective (58.9%) than effective (14.6%) in securing information. Physical coercion, intimidation and deception were most frequently acknowledged to yield false information. These findings suggested prioritisation of noncoercive social and physical interview strategies and international consensus on best practices.     

冠心病猝死冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块病理形态学观察

目的观察冠心病猝死(SCD)和对照组心冠状动脉(CA)粥样硬化斑块的差异,探讨其在SCD中的意义。方法从本教研室2001年~2003年尸检档案中挑选64例有严重CA粥样硬化病变的病例及心脏标本,分SCD组(36例)和对照组(28例冠心病非猝死者)。除常规检查心脏外,重点检查CA左主干(LM)、左前降支(LAD)、左旋支(LC)和右主支(RM)的开口、类型、走向及粥样硬化斑块情况。每支CA分近、中、远3段,检测每个斑块距开口的距离、狭窄程度、长度、数目和形状(分偏心、环形、偏心+环形三种)。用SPSS11.5统计软件进行统计分析。结果SCD组中CA粥样硬化病变4级21例,3级15例;对照组4级12例,3级16例。两组斑块病变的严重程度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。SCD组粥样斑块长(x-2.0365 cm)、以CA近段较多、与CA开口或分支处的距离近(x-0.7457 cm);对照组斑块短(x-1.4283 cm)、以中段多见,与CA开口或分叉处的距离远(x-2.1942 cm);两组斑块的长度和距开口的距离均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。两组间斑块的形状在LAD和RM有显著性差异(P<0.05),而LM和LC则无(P>0.05)。结论SCD与冠心病非猝死者的CA粥样硬化斑块在部位、长度、形状和距CA开口的距离存在差异,而狭窄程度无差异。这对SCD的病理诊断和法医学鉴定具有十分重要的意义。     

The Impact of Beliefs Concerning Deception on Perceptions of Nonverbal Behavior: Implications for Neuro-Linguistic Programming-Based Lie Detection

Regularly employed in a forensic context, the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) model purports that the behavioral distinction between somebody who is remembering information and somebody who is constructing information lies in the direction of their eye movements. This strategy reflects numerous current approaches to lie detection, which presume that nonverbal behavior influences perceptions and judgments about deception. The present study emphasized a reverse order by investigating whether beliefs that an individual is deceptive influence perceptions of the respective individual’s nonverbal behavior as indicated by observed eye movement patterns. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to either a group informed that right eye movements indicate constructed and thus deceptive information or a group informed that left eye movements indicate constructed and thus deceptive information. Each participant viewed six investigative interviews depicting the eye movement patterns of mock suspects labeled as deceptive or truthful. The interviews were structured according to different right/left eye movement ratios. Results revealed that participants reportedly observed the deceptive suspects displaying significantly more eye movements in the direction allegedly indicative of deception than did the truthful suspects. This result occurred despite the fact that the actual eye movement ratios in both deceptive/truthful sets of interviews were identical and the eye movements were predominantly in the opposite direction of that allegedly indicative of deception. The results are discussed in the context of encoding-based cognitive-processing theories. Limitations on the generality of the results are emphasized and the applicability (or lack thereof) of NLP-based lie detection in forensic contexts is discussed.     

脑干星形细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白免疫组化染色的图像分析

目的探讨脑干星形细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫组化染色及其图像分析在原发性脑干损伤鉴定中的应用价值。方法26例原发性脑干损伤致死者的脑干样本,分别在其中脑、脑桥及延脑相同部位取组织作GFAP免疫组化染色(LSAB法),并对GFAP阳性物最密集视野做图像分析。21例非颅脑损伤或脑部病变死亡者的脑干作对照样本,所得图像参数测量值进行统计学分析。结果(1)对照组星形细胞的GFAP阳性染色在中脑、脑桥及延脑三个部位分布不等(P<0.05),延脑>中脑>脑桥;损伤组则三个部位无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)对照组与损伤组相比,GFAP阳性染色细胞的数量在中脑、脑桥及延脑等三个部位中差异均有显著性(P<0.01);(3)死后96h后解剖者,损伤组与对照组有显著差异;(4)伤后30min内死亡者,损伤组与对照组也有显著差异。结论人脑干星形细胞GFAP免疫组化染色的图像分析,对法医学鉴定原发性脑干损伤具有重要参考价值。     

Evaluation of eosin-fluorescence in the diagnosis of sudden cardiac death

The diagnostic significance of the eosin-fluorescence method was evaluated and compared with the enzymehistochemical beta-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase method (beta-HBDH) and the degree of hyperchromasia in 568 samples from 24 bets-HBDH-negative and beta-HBDH-positive sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) and 23 non-cardiac deaths as controls. The effect of autolysis was investigated separately on isolated human hearts at +4 degrees C and +22 degrees C. All samples were examined without any knowledge of clinical or autopsy data. Normal olive-green fluorescence was observed in only five individuals of the control group and two in the beta-HBDH-negative one. The frequency of the yellow-fluorescence and hyperchromasia increased from the control subjects towards the beta-HBDH-positive-ones. The difference in frequency distribution of fluorescence between the groups was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). The change in fluorescence did not correlate with the loss of beta-HBDH-reaction or the distribution pattern of hyperchromasia. Postmortem autolysis did not change the fluorescence significantly but the 78% wrong positive subjects in the control group render this method too sensitive and unreliable for medicolegal purposes.     

家兔双前肢悬挂致死过程中的电生理研究

目的探讨悬挂体位致窒息死亡的电生理方面的机制。方法成年家兔12只,雌雄不限。随机分为两组:一组监测膈肌肌电图,另一组监测肋间肌肌电图、心电图、脑电图。取仰卧位固定,手术暴露膈肌和肋间肌,引导肌电图;同时引导标准Ⅱ导联心电图和脑电图。然后将家兔固定双前肢悬挂,连续监测实验过程中家兔的心电、脑电、肌电图的变化情况,直至其死亡。结果悬挂末期和悬挂初期相比,膈肌肌电频率下降(P<0.05)、呼吸波持续时间、振幅和面积均有延长或增多(P<0.05)、最大传导速度无变化;肋间肌仅见肌电频率下降(P<0.05);脑电振幅降低(P<0.01)、δ波增多(P<0.01)、β波减少(P<0.05);心电仅见各波形振幅的降低(P<0.01)。膈肌肌电频率的下降最早,脑电频率的下降次之,肋间肌肌电的下降最晚(P<0.01)。结论悬挂体位致窒息死亡的机制的始动因素是呼吸运动受限,并最终形成外周性呼吸肌疲劳和呼吸中枢缺氧性衰竭而发生死亡。     

大鼠急性心肌缺血后脑钠肽、c-fos基因的表达及法医学意义

目的研究大鼠在急性心肌缺血（acute myocardial ischemia,AMI）后目的基因脑钠肽（brain natriuretic peptide,BNP）和c-fos的mRNA表达变化与AMI发生后所经历时间的关系,为法医病理学鉴定心源性猝死提供依据。方法用结扎法制作大鼠AMI动物模型,结扎成功后观察时间组为10、30、60min和3h,用RT-qPCR、普通PCR检测目的基因BNP和c-fos的mRNA表达变化,同时行HE染色。比较不同时间组间的结果差异。结果RT-qPCR结果显示,BNP在3h组的表达量高于正常组、10min组、30min组及60min组,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,c-fos除正常组与10min组之间、30min组与3h组之间无显著性差异（P≥0.05）以外,其他各组间均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,并以60min组c-fos基因的表达量最多。普通PCR未见目的基因不同时间的组间差异。HE染色仅在实验组3h组偶见局部嗜酸性增强、肌纤维呈波浪状等改变。结论c-fos基因可能作为缺血发生30min后的辅助诊断指标。RT-qPCR方法较适合早期AMI的诊断。     

听力测试组合在听觉障碍鉴定中的应用

目的分析不同听力测试方法对听阈评估的作用,探讨组合听力测试在听觉障碍法医学鉴定中的应用。方法对87例外伤后听力损伤者进行听力测试,将纯音听阈测试(PTA)、声导抗、40HzAERP、ABR、ASSR、DPOAEs进行组合。听阈评估采用PTA+ABR+40HzAERP/ASSR,损伤定位采用PTA+声导抗+ABR/40HzAERP+DPOAEs。根据致伤方式的不同,分为头部损伤组和耳损伤组。比较组间DPOAEs阳性率,比较纯音听阈、40HzAERP、ABR及ASSR对听阈评估的作用。结果头部外伤组DPOAEs阳性率明显高于耳损伤组(P<0.05);纯音语频听阈异常耳与40HzAERP语频阈值及ABR比较,纯音语频阈值异常率较40HzAERP及ABR明显高,主、客观听阈明显不符。26耳40HzAERP与ASSR比较,两者在0.5kHz、1kHz、2kHz反应阈均值数相关性较好(r=0.862),ASSR语频均值较40HzAERP低,平均差17dB。结论纯音听阈与ABR、40HzAERP或ASSR组合测试对听阈的评估有互补作用。40HzAERP与ASSR均可以用于语音频率的听阈评估。声导抗、ABR、40HzAERP与DPOAEs多项检查组合,有助于确定损伤部位。     

过敏性和冠心病猝死者心肌组织中肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶、脑利钠肽的表达

目的探讨肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶、脑利钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)在过敏性猝死和冠心病猝死鉴别诊断中的意义。方法选取山西医科大学法医病理学教研室2010—2015年尸检案例心肌标本共30例,分为颅脑损伤致死组、过敏性猝死组、冠心病猝死组,每组各10例。采用免疫荧光染色和Western印迹法分析各组心肌组织肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶和BNP的表达。结果过敏性猝死组、冠心病猝死组心肌组织内肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶免疫荧光染色均出现阳性染色;三组间两两比较,表达差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。冠心病猝死组心肌组织内BNP的表达量高于过敏性猝死组、颅脑损伤致死组(P0.05),过敏性猝死组与颅脑损伤致死组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论联合检测心肌组织内肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶、BNP有望为过敏性猝死和冠心病猝死的法医学鉴别诊断提供帮助。     

跨境经济合作区的特征与法律和机制保障

跨境经济合作区是近年来兴起的一种新型的次区域经济一体化模式。这种经济合作模式,较之于传统的区域经济一体化形态,具有一些自身的特点：跨境经济合作区只覆相邻国家特定的毗连区域而非整个国家疆域;合作的主体是毗邻区域的地方政府而非中央政府;合作的内容以贸易和投资为核心,并可以根据需要扩展到交通、通讯、旅游、环境等领域。跨境经济合作区应建立在由上位、中位和下位三级法律基础上并有完善的机制作为保障。拟定的中越河口——老街、中老磨憨——莫丁、中缅瑞丽——木姐三个跨境经济合作区,仍处在建设的初期,其法律框架的形成和管理机制的建立任重道远。     

云南汉族CRHBP基因多态性与暴力攻击行为的相关性

目的探讨云南汉族人群促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素结合蛋白(corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein, CRHBP)基因多态性与暴力攻击行为的相关性。方法对云南汉族111例有攻击行为的服刑人员(包含53例抢劫,58例故意伤害)和189例健康对照样本采用改良的多重高温连接酶检测反应技术(improve Multiplex ligase detection reaction, iMLDR)检测CRHBP基因的4个Tag SNPs(rs10062367, rs32897, rs7718461, rs7721799)的基因型,应用SPSS 20.0和SHEsis软件对结果进行统计分析。结果 rs32897、rs7718461、rs7721799的等位基因和基因型分布在暴力组、抢劫亚组、故意伤害亚组和对照组中均无显著差异(P>0.05),rs10062367等位基因和基因型分布在暴力组、抢劫亚组和对照组中也无显著差异(P>0.05),但在故意伤害亚组与对照组中具有显著差异(P<0.05)。单倍型ATGA可使暴力的相对风险显著增高(P<0.05),单倍型GCAA可使指向他人暴力的相对风险显著增高(P<0.05)。结论 CRHBP基因rs10062367位点多态性可能与云南汉族人群针对他人的攻击行为有关,单倍型ATGA是暴力行为的风险因子,个体携带单倍型GCAA会使指向他人的躯体攻击行为风险增加。