人性尊严与农民平等权的保护

人性尊严伴随着人类的产生而产生,其之于人的如此重要作用,决定了它在宪法和人权保障中的核心地位。然而,农民的弱势处境导致其平等权利的落空,并在此基础上产生了侵害农民人性尊严这一社会现象,该现象的存在违背了人性尊严在主体、内容及目的方面的价值要求。因此,为消除其带来的不利影响,在尊重客观现实的前提下,课负农民、市民与国家以相应的义务,是保护农民平等权,进而维护农民人性尊严的现实路径。     

国家保障民生义务的宪政分析

关注和保障民生,是立宪国家的首要目的与第一要务.就宪法学而言,与民生所涉宪法社会权以及权能的多重面向相对应,国家对民生依次负有尊重、保护和给付义务.同时,依据"宪法一体性"原理,该递进义务的履行与国家权力之分立,互为表里,而彼此制约.实现国家的民生保障义务,必须以人性尊严为根本准则,通过树立宪法意识达致法治观念的转变,并在此基础上完善相关法律制度.     

论基本权利之国家义务:理论基础、结构形式与中国实践

基本权利的国家义务有其宪法哲学基础,是权利需要决定了国家义务,作为客观规范或客观价值秩序的基本权利理论为宪法权利国家义务的存在提供了宪法哲学基础。与不同的基本权利类型结构对应的国家义务结构类型包括基本权利的国家尊重义务、保护义务和实现义务,不同的国家义务主体对不同的国家义务履行的重点与方式是不同的。我国宪法建立了初步的国家义务宪法规范,但是对这些国家义务性规范缺乏足够的重视与研究,致使没有建立起我国基本权利的国家义务理论,从而使基本权利的保障存在许多问题。     

安乐死与生命权——关于安乐死合法化

安乐死是困扰人类的一个道德和法律难题,是一个多学科研究的问题,已成为一个世界瞩目的热门话题。从宪法学的角度来看,安乐死主要涉及到:病人的生命权与人性尊严的竞合、病人是否具有死亡权或者能否放弃自己所享有的基本权利、病人的个人自决权与国家对基本权利的保护义务及其冲突这三个问题。     

论金融监管者的数据安全保护义务

金融监管数据作为独立的数据类型,其安全保护具有特殊性。金融监管科技的发展,使金融监管者的数据控制权日益扩张,金融监管者须为此承担数据安全保护义务。其宪法依据在于金融监管者作为履行国家职能的公权数据处理者,应对数据承担全面的国家保护义务。为金融监管者设定数据安全保护义务也是全面规范金融监管权力、提升金融监管质效、维护金融安全与经济秩序、保障数据权益的合法性要求。针对金融监管者的数据安全保护义务,可从维护国家经济安全与市场竞争秩序的多重价值维度进行观察。金融监管者应当识别重要数据,采取全周期的数据风险防控措施,建立数据风险预警与应急处置机制,保障监管算法的安全。金融监管数据的跨境流动须被严格规制。     

宪法“人格尊严”条款的规范地位之辨

规范地位是指某一条款在基本权利内部乃至宪法规范体系中的效力,取决于该条款在特定宪法秩序中的法律属性。尊严条款因其法理基础、宪法文本表述及宪法解释实践的差异在各国宪法上享有不同的地位,归纳起来可分为宪法原则、基础价值、规定功能的宪法概念。我国宪法第38条人格尊严的哲学基础不同于其他国家的人是目的、人格发展、交往理论,而是着重于个人的名誉与荣誉保护;宪法文本表述并非人的尊严、人性尊严,而是人格尊严,且该条既未规定在总纲中,亦未置于"公民的基本权利和义务"一章之首,即使与"国家尊重与保护人权"一款结合起来阅读,亦无法取得与其它国家宪法上的规范地位。人格尊严在我国宪法上属于独立条款,也是公民的一项基本权利,具有具体的法律内容,在宪法解释过程中可作为规范与特定宪法事实相涵摄,证明公民的人格尊严受到了侵犯。     

人权的国家保障义务

国家是人权保障的主要义务主体.这是因为保障人权是国家存在的价值所在和行使国家权力的合法性基础;对人权的最大威胁也往往来自国家权力;社会主体之问侵犯人权的行为也仰仗国家的整治.人权的国家保障义务包括尊重、保护、满足和促进四个方面.按国家行为的性质可分为消极义务与积极义务;按社会主体的权利性质可分为对私权利和公权利的保护义务;还有经由人权推定而衍生的保护义务;以及国家对人权的国际义务.国家在履行人权保障义务时,应当遵守以人为本、人权保障优位原则;平等保护原则;他律与自律原则(以法控权和"克制保留义务").国家(政府)违反人权义务应当承担国家责任.     

安乐死的宪法学思考

安乐死是困扰人类的一个道德和法律难题,是一个多学科研究的问题。从宪法学的角度来看,安乐死主要涉及到:病人的生命权与人性尊严的竞合、病人是否具有死亡权或者能否放弃自己所享有的基本权利、病人的个人自决权与国家对基本权利的保护义务及其冲突三个问题。如果解决宪法学上的这三个问题,将为其他学科具体构建安乐死制度提供理论上的论证资源。     

法治与人性尊严——从实践到理论的反思

作为现代民主宪政社会不可或缺的生活形态,法治的意义及其核心价值,不论在具体法律实践或抽象理论阐述上,却依然存在着极大争议。"大法官会议"以人性尊严为本的法治观点,毋宁是一种"自由民主宪政秩序"的法治观点。无论是形式合法性或民主程序的法治要件,均无法在法治的具体实践上,保证执政者或立法者不会借助法治的形式要件,来追求满足其政治野心或个人私欲的不正当目的。法治理想的追求,应当着重法律实质内容的道德论证质量。就人性尊严的内涵来说,德沃金提出的两项人性尊严原则,内在价值原则与个人责任原则,确实是值得我们反思借镜的理论资源;特别是,他对人的内在价值的诠释,亦即人具有由自然与人类共同创造的神圣、不可侵犯的客观价值,适足以填补大法官人性尊严观的论述盲点。     

安乐死的宪法学思考

安乐死是困扰人类的一个道德和法律难题,是一个多学科研究的问题.从宪法学的角度来看,安乐死主要涉及到：病人的生命权与人性尊严的竞合、病人是否具有死亡权或者能否放弃自己所享有的基本权利、病人的个人自决权与国家对基本权利的保护义务及其冲突三个问题.如果解决宪法学上的这三个问题,将为其他学科具体构建安乐死制度提供理论上的论证资源.     

Dignity, Democracy, Civilisation

This paper contributes to international discussion about the difficulty of defining human dignity as a legal concept by locating it at the heart of (European) democracy and human rights. Focusing on emerging dignity case law in the United Kingdom, the paper explores the connections among dignity, human rights and democracy, and the uses of dignity to enhance and refine democracy. While judges are key actors in the construction of dignity, they operate within the boundaries of a particular democratic ‘civilisation’ anchored in the core prohibitions of art 2, 3 and 4 European Convention on Human Rights, combined with those of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (art. 2, 3, 4 and 5). This normative core, the paper argues, is to be understood in the wider time frame of democracy and dignity, which is equally important for refining and thickening human dignity’s conceptual and normative definition, as well as for reflecting on the legitimacy of its (judicial) uses.     

Human-centric data protection laws and policies: A lesson from Japan

This article examines the human dignity defined in Convention 108+ and, from a Japanese perspective, explores the possibility of a universal philosophy of data protection.The recent human resources scandal (the Rikunabi case) in Japan has made stakeholders to realise the importance of the basic philosophy of data protection. Convention 108+ declared ‘human dignity’ to prohibit an instrumental treatment of individuals in processing personal data, and thereby, in a positive sense, place the human in the centre of data processing cycle. Although there is no concept equivalent to ‘human dignity’ under the Japanese data protection laws, due to social norms in Japan, the human-centric approach is supported by recent Artificial Intelligence (AI) guidelines in Japan.The basic idea of the relationship between humans and machines is universal, even if the laws are local, in bridging the different legal regimes. The promise of Convention 108+ seems to take the processing of massive volumes of personal data, sorting out the individuals, and standardising the personality as its specific targets, and the defence of digital humanity as its noble ideal. In this sense, Convention 108+ has a universal value with its human dignity.     

Reinforcing or Challenging Stigma? The Risks and Benefits of ‘Dignity Talk’ in Sex Work Discourse

The concept of ‘human dignity’ sits at the heart of international human rights law and a growing number of national constitutions and yet its meaning is heavily contested and contingent. I aim to supplement the theoretical literature on dignity by providing an empirical study of how the concept is used in the specific context of legal discourse on sex work. I will analyse jurisprudence in which commercial sex was declared as incompatible with human dignity, focussing on the South African Constitutional Court case of S v Jordan and the Indian Supreme Court case of Budhadev Karmaskar v State of West Bengal. I will consider how these courts conceptualise dignity and argue that their conclusions on the undignified nature of sex work are predicated on particular sexual norms that privilege emotional and relational intimacy. In light of the stigma faced by sex workers I will explore how a discourse, proclaiming sex work as beneath human dignity, may impact on the way that sex workers are perceived and represented culturally, arguing that it reinforces stigma. I will go on to examine how sex workers subvert the notion that commercial sex is undignified, and resist stigma, by campaigning for the right to sell sex with dignity. I will demonstrate that an alternative legal approach to dignity and sex work is possible, where the two are not considered as inherently incompatible, concluding with thoughts on the risks and benefits of using ‘dignity talk’ in activism and campaigns for sex work law reform.     

基本权利规范的正当程序价值——兼议行政程序法如何保障基本权利

我国宪法中的基本权利规范具有丰富的正当程序价值,行政程序法的制定,需通过宪法解释的方法挖掘基本权利规范的程序价值,使之得到行政程序法的保障。基本权利条款的设置从整体上表征国家与公民之间的平等关系,这种平等关系要求行政程序法建构起交互式的行政程序,吸纳公众有效参与行政过程。人格尊严既包含个别的权利,又是概括的"人权",表征公开、公正的价值,需要行政程序法通过建构回避制度、禁止单方接触制度、职能分离制度和公开制度予以保障。     

德沃金个人主义权利观的论述逻辑及其反思

德沃金的权利理论是一种个人主义权利观,"诠释"与"人性尊严"是其中的两个关键词。"诠释"确定了权利的表现形式,权利表现为一种个体性的诠释实践;"人性尊严"则赋予权利以价值,权利的价值在于它承认与尊重每一个人的内在价值与责任。《认真对待权利》、《法律帝国》与《刺猬正义》这三部著作代表了德沃金权利理论的三个发展阶段,权利的个人主义观念在此过程中得以形成与完善。该权利观虽然极为精致且具有说服力,但并非理解权利的唯一可能路径。     

Migrants,State Responsibilities,and Human Dignity

This article addresses two questions: First, how does the value of human dignity distinctively bear on a state’s responsibilities in relation to migrants; and, secondly, how serious a wrong is it when a state fails to respect the dignity of migrants? In response to these questions, a view is presented about the distinction between wrongs that violate cosmopolitan standards and wrongs that violate the standards that are distinctive to a particular community; about when and how the contested concept of human dignity might be engaged; and, elaborating a three-tiered and lexically ordered scheme of state responsibilities, about how we should assess the seriousness of a state’s failure to respect the dignity of migrants.     

人权的内核——兼论“以人为本”的宪法涵义

宪法上基本权利的保障有其基础理论和核心内容,西方实证宪法和宪政理论都肯定“人的尊严”构成了人权的内核。人的尊严是人权宪法保障的哲学依据,是人权生长的原点,是对基本权利限制的限制。“国家尊重和保障人权”是一种规范性表述,而非描述性表述,其中蕴含着一定的价值判断,表明“以人为本”已经从实证法形式上升为国家理念,构成了我国宪政制度建构的根本,是借鉴世界其他国家宪政和人权理论与制度的坚固基础。     

人工智能时代的主体性之忧:法理学如何回应

近代以来,人超越于他物的主体性得以确立,其内容包括不可侵犯的人格尊严、自主决定、在社会和政治生活中具有重要性以及基于自身目的利用自然。然而,人工智能已经从以下方面挑战了人的主体性:冲击了人格尊严的基础,削弱了自主决定,降低了人在社会生活中的重要性。因此,亟需法理学基于整体性反思和价值视角予以回应。法理学应采取的立场包括:注重人的道德主体性以彰显其独特性,明确反对赋予人工智能法律人格,坚持对人工智能涉主体性应用的合法性审查。     

Observations on the Development of Human Dignity and Personality in German Constitutional Law: An Overview

This paper provides an overview of the development of the constitutional value of human dignity under German constitutional law. First, it provides a background to the German constitutional order then it places the constitutional value of dignity within the framework of the constitutional court’s jurisprudence on personality rights. It then progresses to an examination of specific cases that have developed personality rights and the importance of the constitutional court’s interpretation of personality and dignity in the personal and outer spheres within the framework of the German legal order. The article concludes with some observations and comparisons between German and American law in this area.