阿根廷危机和新自由主义在拉美实践的启示

一　危机与反思2 0 0 1年年底阿根廷发生的危机是经历了一个长期的酝酿过程。 1 998年下半年 ,受东亚和俄罗斯金融危机的影响 ,阿根廷在国际金融市场的借贷条件显著恶化 ,筹资成本大幅度提高。这严重恶化了阿根廷经济本身存在的各种问题。因本币升值造成相对价格扭曲 ,国际竞争力显著下降 ;国际收支失衡状况加重 ;消费和生产指数持续下降 ;税收萎缩 ,财政收支状况恶化 ,公共债务剧增 ,偿债能力严重削弱 ,经济陷入衰退。而紧缩性调整政策进一步加剧了经济衰退。 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年 ,经济下降幅度分别为 3.4%、0 .8%和 4.5 %。2 0 0 1年 1 1月…     

新自由主义理论与实践

随着经济全球化朱空入发展 ,新自由主义从学术研究论坛上的一种普通流派 ,发展成为很多国家经济和社会实践的理论指导 ,对这些国家的发展产生了重大影响 ,引起世人的广泛关注。目前 ,当人们对拉美国家经济改革的成败得失进行评判时 ,新自由主义自然成为重点分析的对象。近来 ,本刊陆续发表了有关拉美新自由主义的文章 ,引起不少讨论和争鸣。为将讨论进一步引向深入 ,特出本专辑 ,邀请专家笔谈 ,各抒己见。     

警惕新自由主义改革的陷阱--拉美新自由主义改革的教训

20世纪 80年代初 ,在拉美掀起了一场新自由主义改革。在改革的进程中 ,拉美经历了短暂的低速经济增长之后 ,又陷入了“失去的”状态。一　拉美新自由主义改革的三个亮点　　智利最早于 1 973年开始改革 ,其他拉美国家基本上在 80年代开始改革。在 2 0～ 30年的改革历程中 ,拉美地区出现了三个改革的亮点 ,即智利、阿根廷和墨西哥。智利是改革的“先锋”,成绩也最好 ,经济一直保持快速增长 ,稳健的金融体系成功地抵御了数次金融危机的冲击 ,养老金体制改革促进了金融部门的发展 ,稳定了经济和社会。但是 ,认真分析智利的改革 ,可发现许多非“…     

The Neoliberal State and the Uses of Indigenous Culture

The strong public support for displays of Maori culture since the mid-1980s in New Zealand under biculturalism appears paradoxical. Cultural values of respect for tradition, community, hierarchy, and attachment to place are promoted abroad and incorporated into public institutions at home at the same time as neoliberal economic policies emphasize individualism, self-reliance, rational behavior, and mobility. This article argues that Maori cultural practices supply the values of communal belonging and solidarity that were previously associated by the public with the New Zealand state. Thus, they support a postmodern conception of national identity and guarantee the legitimacy of the neoliberal state.     

日本新自由主义城市政策解析

20世纪80年代以来,与新自由主义的全球化发展相伴,日本制定和实施了具有浓厚新自由主义色彩的城市政策,主要包括通过构建城市重构联盟1,调整城市治理机制;放松城市管制,强调效率优先,引导民营企业参与城市建设投资;改革社会福利制度等。本文通过分析认为,日本新自由主义城市政策的核心,就是强调在城市的开发建设中要减少政府干预、放松管制,给资本和市场松绑,更多地为自由市场力量的发挥创造空间。     

智利和阿根廷新自由主义改革与社会转型的成败

20世纪90年代以来,拉美国家进行了新自由主义改革,经历了重大的社会转型,智利和阿根廷是其中两个不同的典型。智利因结合本国国情而进行的有选择性的改革获得成功,由拉美的“无名小卒”跃升为近10年来拉美发展最快和最稳定的国家;阿根廷则因一味地按“外来处方”进行“最彻底的”改革,反而一度陷入严重的危机,从拉美“最发达的国家”沦落为“无足轻重”的角色。智利和阿根廷的经验与教训,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

智利--拉美新自由主义改革的先锋

主要观点 20世纪70年代中期,智利接受了新自由主义经济理论的基本观点,开始进行新自由主义的经济改革.在改革过程中,政府强调"把生产资源配置交给市场,把加速经济增长的主要任务交予积极性"的原则,并力图通过"价格自由化"、"金融自由化"和"国企私有化"来建立起"自由市场经济".经过20多年的实践,智利的改革取得了明显的成效,但同时也付出了昂贵的社会代价.     

The Expansion of Neoliberal Economic Reforms in Latin America

This article seeks to explain why most Latin American countries have expanded market-oriented reforms since the 1980s despite their generally disappointing economic results. To explain deepening liberal economic reform, we test panel data for 15 Latin American countries from 1980 to 1995, using Beck and Katz' panel-corrected standard errors regression. Controlling for several competing explanations, we find that, except under fragmented party systems, high inflation promotes the expansion of economic reforms. We then show how our results are consistent with Weyland's (1996) use of prospect theory as well as Rodrik's (1994) work on the distributional effects of high inflation.     

进口替代和新自由主义模式下的墨西哥农业和食品业

本文对在进口替代和自由贸易模式下的墨西哥农业和食品业的生产和对外贸易进行了比较,并对相应阶段农业和食品业的技术创新能力进行了研究和分析.结果显示:进口替代时期生产能力和技术能力的积累要快于结构调整和自由贸易时期;目前墨西哥农业和食品业生产能力和技术水平薄弱的一个重要原因是政府依然实施的是进口替代时期的技术政策,而这一政策和变化了的技术环境及竞争形势产生了冲突.在以上研究的基础上,本文最后提出了对中国农业和食品业发展的建议.     

马来西亚华人文化——传承与创新

华人从中国移居到马来西亚,除随身携带的少许物资之外便是传统文化、风俗信仰及人文精神。他们将中华文化注入日常生活中,并扎根于马来西亚,成为该国多元文化的一部分。华人文化也在实践的过程中得以创新。     

Rage of Honor: Entente Indignation and the Lost Chance for Peace in the First World War

Why the First World War ended in 1918 and not earlier remains a major puzzle. We propose a new theory that emphasizes how honor prolongs wars beyond what rationalist theories can explain. It argues that when honor is insulted, an affronted actor will strive to punish the offender. Absent an apology, the pursuit of a satisfactory punishment leads the affronted belligerent to ignore unfavorable battlefield information, hold logically irreconcilable beliefs, process information in emotional terms, and obsess over status. We predict that wars of prevention and territorial occupation are most likely to elicit honor considerations. We test our argument against an obscure episode in the war where Germany and the United States made peace overtures in December 1916. We demonstrate that honor concerns made Entente decision makers see German aggression as an affront to their honor that only the destruction of Germany's political regime could redress.     

The Global Reproduction of American Politics

The process of economic transnationalization and liberalization that has accelerated in recent years has a corollary in the political sphere. One of the political areas that has been transformed under neoliberalism is the organization and management of election campaigns. Political consultants from the United States and other leading industrialized states have been hired as campaign managers or experts in elections held in Russia, Israel, Britain, Germany, Mexico, Argentina, Canada, and a host of other countries. Part of this newly transnationalized electioneering mode involves the employment of specialists from the commercial sector who are skilled in the use of new communication and information/media technologies and techniques and in modern fund-raising methods. Encouraged and supported by increasing corporate financing, campaign managers have begun to standardize and make greater media spectacles of the process of electing a nation's political representatives, using campaigning styles and procedures that largely originated in the United States. A weakening of political parties and citizen activism in the formal political process and a deemphasis on major governing issues are among the changes observed, along with greater attention given to voter surveillance and profiling, opposition research, focus groups and polling, symbolic manipulation, and media-oriented construction of candidate personalities.     

The Champion of Human Rights Meets the King of Kings: Jimmy Carter,the Shah,and Iranian Illusions and Rage

Building on the recent re-discovery of the Iranian Revolution, this analysis examines the policies of the Carter Administration and their effects on Iran and the Iranian opposition. Starting with Jimmy Carter's election and hopes for a new era in American–Iranian relations, there occurred the progressive creation and expansion of a rift between the Carter Administration and the Iranian opposition. This rift was exacerbated by stubborn American support for an increasingly weak Shah, and by the complete unwillingness, both in Washington and at the American Embassy in Tehran, to meet with opposition members, let alone with Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In this sense, the horizon of the analysis of the origins of the Iran hostage crisis is expanded with a longer-term perspective. The taking of the hostages represented the final act of a troubled relationship that had probably begun before Carter took office.     

论苏共执政合法性资源的再生产

从总体上看,苏共拥有的合法性资源主要有共产主义意识形态、制度规章、统治的有效性和领袖魅力等方面的内容。这些合法性资源都曾经为巩固苏共的执政地位发挥过重要作用,但曾经拥有,并不等于永远拥有。事实上,要想保持苏共的执政地位,就必须保持合法性资源的再生产,以源源不断地获得执政的合法性。然而,在苏共执政过程中,它所拥有的合法性资源的再生产能力却逐渐下降乃至最终丧失了,这成为苏共败亡的根源。     

改革开放与中国硬软实力的构建

改革开放是一场伟大的革命,不仅彻底改变了国家和民族的面貌,而且具有重大国际战略意义。改革开放既解放了物质生产力,也解放了精神生产力;既大幅提升了中国的硬实力,也增强了中国的软实力,提高了中国的国际地位。为了实现国家的全面发展,需要中国特色的硬软实力,而塑造和平和谐的硬软实力则需要永久的改革开放。     

越南对国有资本管理体制的实践与创新——以越南国有资本投资与经营总公司为中心

作为一支主权财富基金,2005年组建的越南国有资本投资与经营总公司代表了在政府授权下,以完全市场化原则投资与营运国有资本的新模式,是国有资本管理体制的重大创新。目前阶段,越投总公司是越南加快国企股份制改造和推进国有资本向战略性产业集聚的重要推手,以此优化国有资本布局结构并实现国有资本管理从混合模式向集中模式的过渡。长远来看,越投总公司能否成为像新加坡淡马锡那样备受信赖的机构投资者则还有待时间的检验。     

分析汉越词异同与语言教学

中越两国山水相连，经过长期往来和经济、文化交流，大量的汉语词汇传到越南，被越南人吸收、融化、形成汉越词汇库，与越南民族文化联系密切。越南语在历史发展的过程中接受各国外语词汇，特别是汉语的一部分词汇已经被越化。大约60％的越语外来词汇有汉语的根源，其中25％的汉语词汇已经完全越化。在越南语中存在着大量的汉越词，汉越词汇变化发展涉及面相当广泛，     

全球化与国家科技安全

当前,全球化已经进入加速推进的时代.全球化不仅使国家科技安全问题凸显,也对国家科技安全也带来一系列不可忽视的严峻挑战.对于正在融入世界的中国而言,在参与区域化和全球化的进程中,如何维护国家科技安全,为国家安全提供稳固的支撑和有效的保障,是一个攸关国家生存与发展的重大现实课题.