刑法的可能性:预测可能性

当把预测可能性与刑法相联系,便形成刑法的预测可能性这一论题,而刑法的预测可能性意味着刑法从制定到运行,即整个刑法实践都要立基于公民包括罪犯和被害人对刑法立法及其运作的可预知性、可等待性乃至可期盼性,即刑法对于公民而言的期待可能性或可被期待性.从刑法的基本原则到刑法立法、刑法司法、刑罚执行,预测可能性都在为刑法的可能性提供着认知层面的说明,而刑法的保障人权和维持秩序两项机能都可在预测可能性那里得到诠释.刑法的预测可能性的形成及其判断离不开常识、常理、常情.     

案外因素对催生刑事冤案的作用力分析——以美国1188件冤案的结构性分布与案外成因为参鉴

司法刑事体制内原因并非导致刑事冤案的决定性因素,从刑事冤案的结构性分布观察,凶杀案等暴力性犯罪更易于产生冤案。中美两国洗冤机制的实效存在相似之处,例如冤案的结构性分布、证据审查标准以及无辜者洗冤的低成功率等方面。从美国冤案的实际原因来看,案外因素对司法过程的渗透过程不可低估。中国式冤案主要是公共政策、国民对犯罪的基本立场、错误的司法理念、实践中的潜规则、设证式证明的混用等诸多因素综合作用的结果。     

调解的重构(上)——以法院调解的改革为重点

调解作为中国自古就存在的一种纠纷解决方式 ,甚至是社会治理的一种制度性或体制性存在 ,在现代仍然有着极为重要的意义。本文采取一种综合各种功能的多元价值论 ,主张客观地认识调解的各种功能和价值。同时 ,力图通过对于以法院调解改革为重点获取的实证资料的分析 ,提出一种有关我国调解的功能和价值的建设性的意见或理论框架 ,实现一种对于调解的重构 ,以使其获得现代转型和重生。     

Sex Offender Residential Mobility and Relegation: The Collateral Consequences Continue

Prior research (see American Journal of Criminal Justice 30 (2), 177–192, 2006a) examined the residential locations and mobility of registered sex offenders and showed a common movement into increasingly socially disorganized neighborhoods after 5 years of registration. The present study examines whether or not this downward spiral continues for these sex offenders 10 years later. We examined 212 registrants from the original study and found that since their original arrest 38 % of the registrants have moved into a more socially disorganized neighborhood than their previous address. The only variable found to influence the likelihood of move to a more socially disorganized neighborhood is race, with minority sex offenders most affected. The findings suggest that the collateral consequences of sex offender policies have long-term deleterious effects on housing for sex offenders.     

大陆法系附带上诉制度研究——兼论我国附带上诉合法要件的构建

附带上诉具有依附性、当事人诉讼地位的双重性、目的上的对抗性、不服范围的惟一性、审理上的合并性共5个特征。关于附带上诉的本质,有非上诉说与上诉说两种学说。附带上诉制度具有平衡当事人双方诉讼程序利益,实现当事人双方攻防机会平等;打消好讼当事人的侥幸心理,便于息讼等多项价值功能。附带上诉的合法要件是:须有合法的主上诉存在,须由被上诉人对上诉人提起,须对上诉人所上诉的第一审判决声明不服,须于法定期间内提起、须不可再为附带上诉、须遵守法定程式。     

全球行政法的产生(上)

一引言:被忽视的全球行政法的兴起 尽管很少得到关注,但是重要并处于发展中的全球行政法正在塑造着全球治理的新模式.的确,这个法律体系目前尚不统一,也还不是一个有序的学术或实践领域.纽约大学法学院的全球行政法研究项目<'[1]>就是将各种国内、跨国和国际框架中与全球治理中的行政法相关的研究系统化的一项努力.借助该项目第一阶段形成的理念,在本文中我们首先从这些多样化的实践中确定一些充分深刻和影响深远、从而构成全球行政法雏形的共性和关联模式.我们指出一些促进共同路径发展的因素和增进该领域一体化程度的学习、借鉴和参照机制.     

A new individualization marker of semen: deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) polymorphism.

We describe a method for obtaining specific and reproducible deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) typing from liquid semen. Isoelectric focusing of the enzymes on polyacrylamide gel (IEF-PAGE, pH 3.5-5) was accomplished using a 0.5-mm thick gel. The separated isozymes were visualized by a new activity staining method, dried agarose film-overlay (DAFO). Pretreatment of semen samples with neuraminidase markedly enhanced the isozyme-band resolution and sensitivity. The method was simple and reliable, with high resolution and sensitivity. The DNase I types in semen samples were correlated with the types found in corresponding blood and urine samples. DNase I typing could therefore provide an additional discriminant characteristic in the forensic examination of semen.     

食品安全企业标准备案的定位与走向

《食品安全法》(2015)鼓励企业制定严于食品安全国家标准或地方标准的企业标准,且应当报省级卫生行政部门备案。该法对备案的性质和内容未作明确规定,已经在学界和实务界引起分歧。结合食品安全企业标准的制度史,以及修法前食品安全企业标准备案的两难境地,新法中的食品安全企业标准备案应该定位为对更严型标准的备案,且应进行必要的比对审查,审查要点在于文本规范性、内容完整性和标准更严性。当下的食品安全企业标准备案制是传统上政府包干到适当放松加审查把关的制度演变的残余,该制度在未来应考虑废除。     

商标权担保价值利用的法律风险及对策研究

商标权质押融资是商标权价值利用的重要方式,商标权担保价值的确定成为一大难题。商标权的权利属性和内在价值都具有不确定性、不稳定性,质押担保方式的内在法律缺陷增加了商标权价值的不稳定性,形成了商标权价值融资利用中许多法律上的风险。推进商标权融资担保价值的利用,必须完善商标权价值评估的基础理论和法律机制;积极探索知识产权融资的创新方式,建立融资风险的保险化解机制。     

Aleatory Materialism and Speculative Jurisprudence (I): From Anti-Humanism to Non-Humanism

This paper is the first part of an enquiry taking an initial, provisional step toward the construction of a theoretical matrix called speculative jurisprudence. Toward that end, it recruits the thought of Louis Althusser, whose work has taken on new significance thanks in part to the availability (in French and English) of many formerly unpublished texts, the contemporary critical scrutiny of numerous commentators, and the independent emergence of several philosophical currents sharing some of his work??s key concerns. The paper offers a unique characterization of Althusser??s aleatory materialism as at once a novel expression of Althusser??s ??jurisprudential problematic??, a problematic that I argue shapes his thought as a whole, and as a means of posing the core problem of dialectical materialism. The engagement with Althusser that I propose thus intervenes in current debates about aleatory materialism, but this is subsidiary with respect to the elaboration of speculative jurisprudence as a distinct approach in philosophy and law. That mode of thought begins to acquire a degree of reality by taking Althusser??s theoretical anti-humanism as a point of departure for the articulation of a non-humanist conception of legality, in a broad sense that conjoins the territories of both traditional philosophy and legal theory. The paper concludes with a reference to the open questions that Part Two, which will appear in Althusser and Law (2012), will take up.     

The Impact of the Terrorist Attacks of 9/11 on Anti-Islamic Hate Crime

Abstract

Using existing data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, time series analyses were conducted on hate crime data from 2001 around the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. A statistically significant increase in anti-Islamic hate crime occurred after 9/11, and anti-Islamic hate crime leveled off within 8 weeks of the occurrence. News stories reporting anti-Islamic hate crimes, stories reporting fear of such bias crime, and public calls for calm, tolerance, and/or reaction to anti-Islamic bias crime followed a similar pattern found within the official data. A city-by-city analysis found that UCR reported anti-Islamic hate crime was essentially non-existent in New York City and Washington, DC. It is suggested that public calls for calm and tolerance and in-group/out-group dynamics may have impacted anti-Islamic hate crime frequency, thus accounting for rises and reductions in this form of bias crime over time.     

Independence of data privacy authorities (Part I): International standards

Part I of this article analyses the views of learned commentators on what constitutes the ‘independence’ of data protection authorities (DPAs). It concludes that a more satisfactory answer needs to be found in the international instruments on data privacy and on human rights bodies, their implementation and judicial interpretation, and in the standards that have been proposed and implemented by DPAs themselves. It finds that only the OECD and APEC privacy agreements did not require a DPA (and therefore have no standards for its independence). Thirteen factors were identified as elements of ‘independence’ across these instruments and standards, five of which were more commonly found than others. Part II of the article will consider how these criteria have been implemented in laws in the Asia-Pacific.     

Chinese Practice in Public International Law: 2006 (I)

This part of the Survey covers materials reflecting Chinesepractice in 2006 relating to: I. Subjects under discussion atthe ILC (Shared natural resources; responsibility of internationalorganizations; reservation to treaties; unilateral acts of states;effects of armed conflicts on treaties; obligation to extraditionor prosecution; fragmentation of international law); II. Internationalhuman rights law (general commitment on human rights; collectivehuman rights, including right of self-determination, right todevelopment; civil and political rights, including freedom ofreligion, freedom of expression, issue of organ transplants;economic, social and cultural rights, including right to food,right to health; human rights of aliens, including freedom ofpress of foreign correspondents, rights of refugees; human rightsof special groups, including rights of ethnic minorities, rightsof indigenous peoples, rights of women, rights of children,rights of immigrants, rights of persons with disabilities, rightsof older persons; implementation of international human rightslaw, including the establishment of UN Human Rights Council,review of mandates and mechanisms of UN Human Rights Council,the implementation of human rights instruments, human rightsdialogue and corporation; human rights situation in foreigncountries, including Myanmar, Middle East; human rights andinternational trade); III. International humanitarian law.