人牙咬痕同一认定数字化分析的盲法评定

目的评定人牙咬痕同一认定数字化分析方法的精确性。方法 采用数字化分析法对人牙咬痕及8名“疑犯”牙列模型进行双盲法分析实验,用Photoshop 5.5将获得的咬痕扫描图像生成overlay,用AutoCAD Rl4工程测量软件分析各项参数,比较人牙咬痕和“疑犯”牙列参数的匹配性。结果人牙咬痕及“疑犯”牙列模型数据化分析的各项参数分析结果一致。结论对于试验性咬痕,数字化分析是一种可行的认定方法,对法医学实践具有可行性及良好的应用前景。     

快速溶剂萃取法提取血中的有机磷类农药

目的建立生物检材血液中有机磷类农药的快速溶剂萃取方法。方法通过优化快速溶剂萃取各参数，提取血中的有机磷类农药，同时达到在线净化的效果，然后进行GC／FPD分析检测。结果血中5种常见有机磷类农药的平均回收率均在70％以上，在0．05μg／mL-5μg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好，检测限（S／N=10）均低于20ng／mL。结论该方法优于其它传统提取方法，快速、简便、高效且操作自动化，可广泛应用于生物检材血液中有机磷类农药的检验鉴定。     

RUS-CHN图谱骨龄评价法用于推侧青少年年龄

目的探讨RUS-CHN(RC)图谱评价法用于13~18岁青少年年龄推侧的应用价值。方法4 424名(男2 272,女2 152)13~18岁正常城市汉族青少年,以简化RUS-CHN法建立手腕骨发育等级图谱。另以1 048名(男530,女518)13~18岁青少年为检验样本,比较不同方法骨龄与生活年龄的差异。结果RUS-CHN图谱法可仅评价桡骨、尺骨远端和第III指的4块掌指骨骺。检验样本中男14~17岁、女13~16岁年龄组,RC图谱法骨龄与生活年龄之间的差异均无统计学显著性(W ilcoxon符号秩和检验,P>0.05),对男18岁、女17岁组出现显著性差异的可能原因进行了讨论。结论RUS-CHN图谱法骨龄适用于男13~18岁、女13~17岁青少年的年龄推测。     

An assessment of human performance in stabbing.

Stab-resistant body armour is now becoming a standard item of equipment for police officers in the United Kingdom. In the UK these are usually required to have a stab resistance as specified by the Police Scientific Development Branch KR42 standard [G. Parker, PSDB Stab Resistant Body Armour Test Procedure, Police Scientific Development Branch, Publication No 10/93, 1993]. There are several other test standards, all of which specify that body armour must resist penetration by a specific blade type delivered at a specific energy level or range of levels. However, the actual range of energy levels specified varies over almost an order of magnitude and the basis for these levels is not clearly defined. This paper describes tests to determine the energy range and characteristics of stabbing actions that might be directed against stab resistant body armour by an assailant. The energy and velocity that can be achieved in stabbing actions has been determined for a number of sample populations. Volunteers were asked to stab a target using an instrumented knife that measured the axial force and acceleration during the stabbing. The maximum energy obtained in underarm stabbing actions was 64 J whilst overarm stabbing actions could produce 115 J. The loads produced on contact with the target often approached 1000 N.     

The investigation of the density of human hair in the forensic medical expert assessment of its similarity

Principally new, simple and objective method for investigation of human hair density is suggested. Hair identity in relation to a concrete person can be confirmed or excluded by statistical processing of the results obtained.     

Histological assessment of gestational age in human embryos and fetuses

A light microscopic study performed on 760 human fetuses allows us to define several stages in their visceral development and to relate these to gestational age. The histological examination of most viscera, such as the central nervous system, is useless when the tissue preservation is poor. Nevertheless, three organs may still be studied in macerated fetuses: the lungs (where different glandular, canalar, and alveolar stages of development are evident), the kidneys (where the respective numbers of rows of primitive glomeruli and of generations of mature glomeruli vary after week 22), and the adrenal glands (where neuroblastic nests are normally found between weeks 7 and 26 of gestation). It is important to compare the degree of histological maturation with the clinical, macroscopic, and radiologic data in order to define the profile of maturation proper to each human fetus.     

The effects of sarin-like and soman-like organophosphorus agents on MAPK and JNK in rat brains

One sarin-like and one soman-like organophosphorus agent [bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate, BIMP and bis(pinacolyl methyl)phosphonate, BPMP] were injected intravenously (iv) in rats. An increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in the cytosol fraction of the brain was observed. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and slight activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the cytosol were also observed. The activation of these enzymes may be related to the high toxicity of these nerve agents.     

用基质分散固相萃取法用于人血中有机磷农药检测

目的建立基质分散固相萃取方法用于检测人体血液中有机磷农药。方法利用C18、PSA和石墨化碳为吸附剂,采用基质分散固相萃取与GC/MS法相结合检测人体血液中甲胺磷、敌敌畏、甲拌磷、乐果、叔丁硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷等8种有机磷农药。结果 8种有机磷农药分离效果良好,回收率在71.46%～96.09%之间,检出限在0.26～4.52ng之间。结论基质分散固相萃取方法提取血中有机磷农药操作简单、快速准确。     

The clinical context of technology assessment

One important aspect of the evaluation of a new medical technology is the clinical context in which the technology will be used. This context includes the disease to be diagnosed or treated, alternative methods of diagnosis or treatment, and the epidemiology of both the illness itself and health services. This paper presents a simple clinical paradigm of use in assessing new technologies.     

肢体伤残评介(Ⅲ)--下肢功能评定标准

本文主要依据《永久残损评定指南(第五版)》介绍下肢肢体功能障碍评定标准。一、下肢肢体截肢(趾)功能缺损评定一下肢功能完全丧失相当于人整体功能丧失40%,下肢从踝关节离断,一下肢功能丧失62%,从膝关节离断,一下肢功能丧失80%,从髋关节离断,一下肢功能丧失100%。一足五趾完全缺失,该足功能丧失31%,下肢功能丧失22%;一拇趾从跖趾关节缺失,足功能丧失17%,下肢功能丧失12%;其余四趾中任一趾从跖趾关节缺失,相当于足功能丧失3%,下肢功能丧失2%。(见表1)二、下肢长度不等功能障碍评定下肢长度是测量髂前上棘至内踝的距离,测量时可因骨盆倾斜或…     

Testing the validity of metacarpal use in sex assessment of human skeletal remains

To assess the potential of employing metacarpals in assessing sex of human skeletal remains, previous investigators have generated regression equations (Scheuer & Elkington, 1995) and linear discriminant functions (Falsetti, 1995; Stojanowski, 1999) based upon measurements from metacarpals. Results have varied in overall accuracy and which metacarpal produces the greatest accuracy. Using a contemporary sample, this study seeks to evaluate the validity of using metacarpals to assign sex by testing methodologies of previous studies. Measurements defined by previous authors were repeated on metacarpals from 23 adult cadavers and data were subjected to regression equations and linear discriminant analysis according to previous methodologies. Accuracy in sex determination from methods of Scheuer & Elkington (1993) and Falsetti (1995) were lower than originally reported while accuracy from methods of Stojanowski (1999) were higher than previously reported. These results suggest that the use of metacarpals in sex determination may be limited and should be applied cautiously.     

刑事责任能力评定的神经法学观点

认知神经科学对法律行为背后神经心理机制的聚焦和讨论,催生了神经科学与法学的联姻—神经法学.其中,从认知神经科学的角度来评定刑事责任能力是神经法学的重要研究领域.文章重点介绍了精神疾病患者决策过程的认知神经科学研究成果和反社会个体的脑结构和功能异常以及基因多态性的研究证据,来分析讨论这两个特殊群体的刑事责任能力,以此说明认知神经科学可能对司法实践中刑事责任能力评定带来的影响.     

青少年暴力行为的预测和评估

青少年暴力行为是全球广泛关注的公共卫生和社会问题,了解青少年暴力行为的风险因素和预测方法有助于减少青少年暴力行为的发生.本文对青少年暴力的个体因素、社会心理因素、生物学因素进行了总结,对预测和评估研究的现状进行了复习,以期对青少年暴力行为发生的减少和进一步深入研究有所帮助.     

Measurement of drugs in neonatal hair; a window to fetal exposure

Because the hair neonates are born with grows during the last 3 months of pregnancy, the presence of drugs (e.g. cocaine) or environmental toxins (e.g. nicotine) reflects fetal exposure to such compounds. In the case of cocaine, hair measurement are several fold more sensitive than maternal history or urine measurements. Measurements of cotinine in neonatal hair are capable of distinguishing between fetal exposure to passive versus active smoking. Because most cocaine users also smoke cigarettes, neonatal measurements of both cocaine and cotinine will allow cumulative quantification of fetal risk.     

The multidimensional assessment of dangerousness: competence assessment in patient care and liability prevention

We offer a multidimensional model for assessing dangerousness of patients in relation to their competence to engage in informative dialogue with clinicians. This model, though based on clinical considerations, may offer some degree of liability protection. Current clinical and legal trends are reviewed as they bear upon this determination.