国家治理现代化视域下行政区划调整的空间治理机制

行政区划作为权力结构和行政体制的空间投影，调整行政区划是塑造空间治理格局、提升空间治理能力的重要基础和必然要求。现代国家建设进程中的制度供给、治理体系构建与治理能力发挥的支撑关系，以及全面深化改革在现代化背景中的治理意义，要求持续优化行政区划体制。行政区划调整蕴含空间生产和尺度重构的价值功能，有利于规范国家治理中的权力运作，保障社会主体的权利行使，并通过均衡资源配置来增进空间正义。根据行政区划的实质内容及空间治理的价值目标，推进新时期的行政区划调整，需要集中处理好政府改革与社会治理、顶层设计与地方探索、地理区域与制度场域、本土实践与域外经验这四组关系。     

夯实大国治理的空间基础:构建更完善的行政区划优化方略

当前,行政区划变动已不再局限于地方与城市层面,应当提升至国家治理层面加以研究。文章基于2012—2016年全国行政区划调整大样本分析,并与2001—2011年数据相比较,从中发现,我国行政区划优化设置呈现空间—体制双重提升的新趋向。但不容忽视的是,当前正在面临城市政区规模体系重塑与行政区划体制转换引发的潜在风险。实际上,这是对当下地方政府治理能力等提出的新要求。为此,从整体性治理的战略高度,以人民为中心的发展引领、以法治化为基础、以统筹协同为关键、以过程管理为重点,构建更完善的行政区划优化新方略,将强有力地助推国家治理体系与能力现代化进程,夯实大国治理的空间基础。     

西方空间政治学前沿理论的整体性及其中国应用

作为西方空间政治学的前沿理论,地域重构、尺度政治和新国家空间共同构成了一个内部自洽的理论体系。随着"全球地方化"进程的快速推进,"国家中心主义"空间治理典范开启转型之路。超国家空间和次国家空间依靠地域重构得到广泛开发,进而通过尺度政治得到有效整合。当这些非国家化空间具备尺度设计、景观条件、网状结构和"大事件"机遇等治理要件时,新国家空间得以产生。西方空间政治学前沿理论的整体性对于中国国家空间结构转型及其治理的借鉴价值在于:在国土空间规划编制中增加超国家空间规划,兼顾次国家空间的不同地域特征,并将生态空间细分为"生物空间"和"非生物空间"。区域空间需要通过均衡治理来化解"结构化的不确定性"之困境,地方空间需要构建网络化治理结构以增强地方政府的"元治理"能力。     

国家空间治理的中国逻辑

空间是实现国家治理的有效方式,国家空间治理的中国逻辑体现在党的领导体制和国家权力结构在空间生产上的作用及反映。党的领导体制是实现国家空间治理的政治和组织保证,中国共产党以融入国家政权组织体系和基层社会的方式介入空间生产。中央权威与地方自主的平衡是实现国家空间治理的行政体制框架,中央政府引导地方空间治理行为,实施国家空间发展战略;地方各级政府从空间商品化中增加财政收入,提升空间治理效能。有为政府与有效市场的结合是实现国家空间治理的动力机制,政府既引导市场主体参与空间生产,又防止空间过度资本化;市场在空间资源配置中起决定性作用,驱动地方各级政府与其共同促进空间商品化。政府主导与社会参与的协同是实现国家空间治理的推进路径,政府整合社会,满足人民日益增长的多样化空间需求;社会参与促进政府回应民众空间诉求,形成共治共享的空间治理格局。     

城市群何以成为国家治理单元

城市化达到较高阶段以后城市群出现,成为国家治理的重要单元。国家治理单元是国家在空间尺度上采用的治理工具,具有功能、权力、边界三要素,且分为实体性治理单元和虚体性治理单元;具体包括政治和行政类治理单元、经济和生态保护类治理单元、功能性治理单元等。城市群是一种虚体性治理单元,具有"软"边界、无强制权力、复合功能的特点。城市群体现了一种"协同发展"的新理念,综合了大都市与区域的优点,内部合作方式灵活。城市群作为国家治理单元回应了中国城市化发展的需要,顺应了城乡治理思路的调整,部分取代了区域治理单元;中国城市群种类多样性使其成为可用的国家治理工具。城市群作为国家治理单元是国家治理需求不断发展的结果。     

行政区划调整中的尺度重构：规则、实践与理念——以湖城撤市设区为例

近年来，尺度这一概念被越来越多地应用于我国城市治理议题包括行政区划调整的研究之中。基于对尺度概念的多重本体论认识，行政区划调整中的尺度重构同时存在作为规则、实践与理念的三维面向。不同维度的尺度重构既相互关联又相对独立，其中的复杂互动对行政区划调整的现实进程和走向产生深远影响。在此框架下从微观层面剖析尺度重构不同维度的表征及其差异，并对其中的互动关系进行探讨，深化对行政区划调整运作逻辑的理解，进一步丰富尺度重构理论体系，推动其在中国情境下的发展和实践应用。     

陕西的行政区划与机构改革

九届全国人大一次会议作出了政府机构改革的部署，笔者认为：要加快陕西经济发展，使政府机构能够真正适应市场经济和社会发展的需要，必须从精简政府部门和调整行政区划两个方面着手进行政府机构改革。本文拟从调整行政区划方面对政府机构改革作些探讨。一、我省行政区划...     

“接点治理”:乡村振兴中的公共空间再造——基于上海市Y村的空间治理实践

乡村振兴本质上反映的是国家与乡村的关系问题,而二者关系的核心又在于寻求有效治理的"接点"。因此,寻求国家正式权力与乡村社会有效衔接的"接点",对于实现乡村治理和乡村振兴无疑具有重要意义。自古以来,乡村公共空间就是国家与乡村社会的对接点,起到承上启下的作用,实现乡村振兴应高度重视乡村公共空间。基于此,构建以"目的—主体—要素"为分析框架的"接点治理"理论,对上海市Y村进行深入的案例研究后发现:乡村公共空间治理的本质就是回归公共空间的公共性、包容性,这便决定了必须在国家主导的权力逻辑、市场力量主导的资本逻辑与村民主导的生活逻辑等三者之间实现平衡,实现乡村公共空间治理由政府主导向多元主体协同治理转变。促使这一转变形成的内在机制主要有主体多元的权威机制、村庄能人的关系契约和关系动员机制、利益平衡的合法化机制。由此可以说,公共空间治理不失为当下"强国家、弱社会"治理格局下实现乡村内源式发展的一种新可能。     

行政区划改革前路明晰 “十二五”期间行政区划改革将稳妥前行

<正> "行政区划的调整,说穿了,就是区域地方利益的调整、地方权力的划分"。在国家行政学院竹立家教授眼中,行政区划调整"牵一发而动全身",它涉及地方权、责重新划分的重大问题,以及与此相伴随的经济社会发展空间、财税运行、干部管理等一系列复杂问题,必须积极、审慎而行。     

论社会正义对国家和政府的规约

社会正义作为总体性的价值标准规约国家和政府的性质、职能、制度和行为,国家和政府的公共性蕴涵规定着它的社会正义性。社会正义是国家和政府合法性的根本尺度,是国家和政府的总体性规范,是国家和政府权力制约的根本目的和标准。社会正义是国家和政府管理的核心价值,公务员应当切实遵守社会正义准则。     

2010年中国政治学研究综述

前些年,不少学者热衷于介绍和研究西方昙花一现的政治理论,自去年以来,这种追风的现象已经趋冷。2010年的政治学研究主要关注了国家理论、政党理论、政治思潮、民主问题、政治学学科和方法论。由此可以看出,中国的政治学研究进一步向传统的研究主题回归,进一步趋向理性。     

案卷排他性原则在我国政府价格决策听证中的确立

案卷排他性原则是现代听证制度的核心。我国目前的价格决策听证制度并没有确立案卷排他性原则,致使政府价格决策听证常常流于形式。案卷排他性原则在我国政府价格决策听证中的确立,不仅具有必要性.而且具有可行性。     

Performance of local councils in the collection of revenue in Bangladesh

Local councils in Bangladesh have been provided with several sources of revenue that can be utilized for the maintenance of the councils, as well as the initiation of developmental projects. The union and upazila level councils have fared miserably in collection of such revenue. An examination of twelve upazilas during 1986–90 demonstrates that their performance has been affected by a lack of administrative support for the task, a dearth of adequate knowledge and skills on the part of local leaders and a failure to plan carefully on the part of the government. The Ordinances through which they have been established did not identify realistic sources of revenue nor did they provide guidelines on their utilization. Consequently, collection of revenue is done in an arbitrary and disorganized manner. It is recommended that adequate and appropriate administrative structures are developed and that proper training is provided to enhance the knowledge and skills of local leaders and to enable the councils to perform the task of revenue collection efficiently. Some suggestions are presented to utilize properly the market facilities, which appear to be highly potent sources for the generation of revenue.     

The Rise of Resilience in Education in Emergencies

ABSTRACT

This article explores how resilience as a concept is being increasingly mobilised within the Education in Emergencies (EiE) community. Using content and a close textual analysis, it identifies the concept's growth in prominence within key EiE documents arguing it has been employed to serve a range of different purposes. It contends, however, that dominant conceptualisations of resilience within the EiE community are reflective of a number of shifts around the problem, subjects and purposes of education provision in such conflict-affected contexts. This serves to limit the transformative potential of resilience, particularly in regards to contributing to positive peace.     

Problems of co-ordination in upazila administration in Bangladesh

The present government of Bangladesh has extensively reformed the administrative system and upgraded the previous thana to upazila (sub-district) to serve as the focal point of development administration. A new tier of local government called Upazila Parishad (UZP) has been created and a large number of functions have been devolved to this institution along with the placement of central government employees at its disposal. The reformers argue that the present system will remove the inadequacies of the previous administrative system and will bring about an improvement in the co-ordination of field services at the upazila level. However, the actual situation represents a totally different picture. The desired integration— both vertical and horizontal—and co-ordination in local level planning is non-existent due to the absence of any clear direction from the central government. Proper co-ordination among the field services in the upazila administration does not exist due to the anomalous relation between the upazila and the national government, including excessive central control; the involvement of multiple agencies of the central government in guiding and supervising; ambiguity in government thinking; the absence of clarification from the ministries concerned and agencies on the timing of different development programmes; and conflict over the allocation of resources. There is also conflict between the different tiers of local government in respect of authority and resources. Relations between public representatives and officials at the upazila level are strained because a clear allocation of authority to political executives is lacking; areas for co-operation among different agencies have not been clarified; and public representatives and government officials lack mutual respect.     

中国政府全面质量管理系统的构建

全面质量管理是一门内涵丰富的管理哲学、管理思想,同时也是一种有效的管理技术和管理工具,全面质量管理在企业中的应用取得了重大成效,西方国家将全面质量管理应用于政府部门同样取得了明显的效果.中国同样具有推行政府全面质量管理的基础条件,通过开展政府全面质量管理的基础性工作,树立"顾客导向",建构政府内部持续改进机制,建立政府全面质量管理质量保证体系,将全面质量管理的管理理念和管理方法引入中国政府部门.构建中国政府全面质量管理系统,从而提高政府工作绩效和公众的满意度.     

An analysis of mechanisms used by CSOs in the promotion of community participation in governance in Kenya

Civil society organizations (CSOs) are often perceived to provide the magic bullet to complex societal problems including alternative approaches that ensure good governance. Fresh new research is therefore needed due to the prevailing paradox of escalating governance challenges in Kenya despite CSOs efforts to address the same. This paper specifically seeks to understand mechanisms that CSOs use as they seek to intervene in governance issues in Kenya. It links persistent poor governance happening at the counties to inadequate mechanisms used by CSOs. It argues that CSOs have not been bold enough to confront poor governance but, instead, have used superficial mechanisms with little outcomes. They have particularly focused on providing trainings and creating awareness and have shied away from more direct engagement with poor governance such as monitoring utilization of public funds. The study methodology involved a survey, focus group discussions, and in-depth face to face interviews. The tools used included a survey questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion guide and In-depth Interview guide. Among the recommendations are that CSOs need to go beyond creating awareness and trainings and engage with governance issues more directly using well-tried mechanisms.     

The Reform of the Local Administration in Spain in Terms of Population

Spanish Local Corporations are playing an increasingly important role in the provision of public services without reducing their function of consolidation and structuring of the current sociopolitical system. This reality implies an increase in their need of financial funds without new compensation resources. Also, there is a certain tendency to loose population in many counties along with a greater organic and territorial dispersion that accelerates their financial weakening. This makes necessary to find management alternatives ensuring the appropriate provision of local public services and thus the Local Corporation reform becomes an alternative. In this context, the present paper approaches the analysis and the results based upon a territorial balance criterion on the population and its distribution, aiming ultimately to design an indicator able to measure the need of the Spanish local government structure according to its population and the size of its municipalities. This indicator might measure the regional impact to any variation both in the distribution of its population and in the number of municipalities.     

全球化背景下经典文化教育的价值取向

全球化对我国教育的冲击是深刻的,经典文化教育是应对挑战所必需的选择之一。经典文化具有时代性、开放性和包容性,对成就一个人以及提高整个国民素质都有重要的意义与价值。经典文化教育在学校教育应有所作为。     

全球化视域下教育体系民族性问题的再审视——以研究生教育体系为例

蔓延全球的经济危机是经济全球化的必然结果之一,由危机所引起的全球范围内政治、文化、科技实力的此消彼长已成为一股不可逆转的历史潮流。面对当前的经济危机,对研究生教育体系国际化的趋势和后果进行理性的再审视,使中国的研究生教育体系在经济危机的背景下,既体现出时代性,又具有鲜明的民族特色,是我们构建研究生教育体系的必然战略选择。