我国社会组织管理制度变迁中的结构逻辑与历史思考——基于历史制度主义的视角

从历史制度主义的视角进行分析,可以将新中国成立以来社会组织管理制度的变迁历程划分为四个阶段。从结构观来看,我国社会组织管理制度的变迁主要受到宏观制度背景的影响。从历史观来看,重大事件的发生是社会组织管理制度变迁的关键节点。新时期社会组织管理制度的改革要以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,坚持党的全面领导,结合新时代的社会发展需要,敢于在“关键转折点”打破消极的路径依赖,积极关注不同利益群体的利益诉求和价值取向,推动社会组织进入高质量发展,促进社会全面进步和提升人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感。     

中国行政审批制度的结构与历史变迁——基于历史制度主义的分析范式

用历史制度主义的分析范式,检视中国行政审批制度的结构与历史变迁,是解读该项制度变迁全貌的一个新的视角.国家宏大制度背景决定行政审批制度的选择,国家制度背景的变迁也导致行政审批制度的不断变更与革新;各种相关政治变量,包括经济水平、利益关系以及意识形态等因素与行政审批制度之间存在一种序列结构,行政审批制度与其它政府政策或制度之间也存在类似的序列结构,这种政治变量序列结构使行政审批制度处于一个制度矩阵当中,影响并制约着行政审批制度的安排;制度与制度制定及执行者之行为的互动模式则推动行政审批制度的变迁.行政审批制度变迁具有路径依赖性,也存在"历史否决点",而制度激励和制度创新是打破"历史否决点",提升制度绩效的必要手段.为此,行政审批制度的进一步变迁需要重塑政府理念,打造治理型政府,并转变政府职能,推进行政体制改革.而且,行政审批制度的进一步变迁必须契合社会主义市场经济体制的客观需要,适应加入WTO新形势的迫切要求.     

党内巡视制度百年变迁研究 ——基于历史制度主义视角

党内巡视制度是党的建设与国家治理的重要支撑,有机融汇于中国共产党成立一百年来的历史叙事之中,经历了萌芽与初创、断裂与重启、快速发展、稳定与调整、成熟与完善等重大的制度变迁。以历史制度主义为分析范式考察党内巡视制度产生与变迁的内在逻辑,可以发现,党内巡视制度变迁呈现出路径依赖特性,也存在以重大事件为表现形式的"关键节点"。国家宏观制度背景决定党内巡视制度的产生与演化,经济发展程度、利益因素和观念意识形态构成影响其变迁的关键变量。行动者的能动创新与自主性不断推动党内巡视制度变迁的发生。未来,要遵循路径依赖规律并把握"关键事件"推进制度创新,优化巡视监督治理模式,完善巡视工作体制机制,推动党内巡视制度的良序变迁,从而推进新时代党的建设和国家治理现代化整体进程。     

公共服务供需均衡的制度变迁范式

不断扩大和趋于变化的公共需求与公共服务的供给不足和供给相对过剩之间的不均衡,需要实现公共服务制度变迁。而要实现公共服务供需均衡,需要创新强制性制度变迁,实现强制性制度变迁与诱致性制度变迁的竞合。     

促进社会长期稳定的新思路——论优化基本公共服务供给

在我国经济、社会全面快速转型的过程中,危害社会稳定的各种矛盾日益凸显,促进社会稳定的任务更加繁重。传统"治标"式的维稳方式忽视公共服务促进社会稳定的功能,直接影响民生问题的改善,导致维护社会稳定的成本高昂,效果欠佳。扩大与优化基本公共服务供给,有利于切实改善民生、促进社会的公平正义,因而具有"安全阀"和"稳定器"的功能。当前城乡、地区之间差别化的公共服务供给体制,不利于实现基本公共服务均等化,从而有碍社会公平,严重影响社会和谐稳定。进一步优化基本公共服务供给,是促进我国社会长期稳定的重要保障。     

我国城市社区公共服务的供给机制研究

根据我国经济和社会发展的历程,将我国城市社区公共服务供给机制的演变过程以20世纪80年代为界分成两个阶段,分别是之前的行政型供给机制和之后的多元化供给机制。公共服务供给机制在发展的同时也存在一些亟须处理的问题。通过借鉴发达国家城市社区公共服务供给机制,对我国城市社区公共服务供给机制改革提出新思路。     

中国共产党党内监督制度的变迁逻辑与优化路径——基于历史制度主义视角的分析

中国共产党党内监督制度是实现全面从严治党的重要途径,也是推进党的建设伟大工程的基础性制度保障。建党百年来,党内监督制度变迁经历了初步确立、曲折发展、稳步健全和成熟定型四个阶段。历史制度主义聚焦制度的变迁逻辑议题,借助这一理论视角有助于探索百年来党内监督制度变迁的制度环境、动力机制以及路径依赖,全面呈现党内监督制度的变迁逻辑。坚持党中央的集中统一领导、增强党内监督法规的执行保障机制、完善党内监督的方式和理念、健全以党内监督为主导的党和国家监督制度体系应当成为今后党内监督制度效能优化的路径选择。     

协作视角下基层公共服务供给侧改革的动态分析

经济发展新常态下,公共服务供给侧改革是全面深化改革的重要组成部分,更关系社会治理的有效性。从协作性公共管理学的视角,以基层公共服务供给侧改革为分析对象,深入探讨政府、社会和市场之间的多重协作关系。进而基于协作生命周期理论,对基层公共服务供给侧改革进行了四个阶段的划分,即公共服务内卷化、政府和社会相互依赖以及基本协作要件形成为特征的前协作期;以一核多元主体关系和项目制、岗位制因地制宜运作为特征的协作初期;以复杂网络关系为特征的平等合作的协作规范期;以协作的传承和终结为内容的协作后期四个基本阶段。     

特大城市政府公共服务制度供给能力提升的路径探析

从价值与理念:坚持公共性取向和善治城市理念;过程与流程:完善制度生产过程并优化供给流程;框架与规则:加强政府行政能力建设;方法与工具:运用科学方法和先进技术提升制度供给能力等四个方面探析提升特大城市政府公共服务制度供给能力的路径,从而为进一步推进我国特大城市服务型政府建设,提升政府为经济社会发展服务、为人民服务的能力和水平,提供必要的理论支持和政策参考.     

Outsourcing Public Service Delivery: Management Responses in Noncompetitive Markets

Capturing the benefits of competition is a key argument for outsourcing public services, yet public service markets often lack sufficient competition. The authors use survey and interview data from U.S. local governments to explore the responses of public managers to noncompetitive markets. This research indicates that competition is weak in most local government markets (fewer than two alternative providers on average across 67 services measured), and that the relationship between competition and contracting choice varies by service type. Public managers respond to suboptimal market competition by intervening with strategies designed to create, sustain, and enhance provider markets. In monopoly service markets, managers are more likely to use intergovernmental contracting, while for‐profit contracting is more common in more competitive service markets. The strategies that public managers employ to build and sustain competition for contracts often require tangible investments of administrative resources that add to the transaction costs of contracting in noncompetitive markets.     

基于扎根理论的城市基层社会治理公众参与有效性研究——来自北京市垃圾分类治理经验的证据

公众有效参与基层社会治理既是中国特色社会治理体制的重要内容,也是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的题中应有之义。以北京市垃圾分类治理为例,运用扎根理论对深度访谈转录文本和政府官方文本进行编码,提炼出六个主范畴和一个核心范畴,构建了“意识—能力—保障”归因模型,并进行实证研究。研究表明：个体身份特征、社会文化环境、其他参与主体、公众参与意识、公众参与能力和公众参与保障等共同构成了公众参与有效性的影响因素集,其中公众参与意识、公众参与能力和公众参与保障对公众参与有效性起决定作用;公众参与有效性类型可划分为互动合作型、自主探索型、被动参与型和无参与状态等四类,北京市垃圾分类治理公众参与有效性较强,趋于互动合作模式。提出对策建议：培养公众参与意识,促进公众主动参与;提高公众参与能力,促进公众深度参与;健全公众参与制度,促进公众有序参与。     

Beyond Performance Management: A Networked Production Model of Public Service Delivery

The use of outcome-based performance management as a means of coordinating and monitoring the production of decentralized public services has been growing. At the same time, it has been associated with significant problems, notably difficulty in controlling opportunistic behavior. However, alternative service delivery models based on open collaboration and coproduction, which can control opportunism, require initial trust between partners, and are often vulnerable to corruption, complacency, and rent-seeking. Thus, open collaboration models appear to need additional mechanisms that would promote trust building between partners even where trust is initially low, together with ensuring accountability and reducing opportunism. Based on a review of the recent business literature on networked production, the paper puts forward a service delivery model based on benchmarking, iterative planning and design, and error detection and correction mechanisms.     

基层公共服务精细化治理的逻辑关联、社会行动与路径创新

"模糊经验粗放"是基层公共服务治理亟需克服的"木桶短板"效应.面对基层公共服务经验治理、资源错配、协同乏力、方式模糊、标准缺失、技术粗疏与管控粗放同存的困境样态,破解基层公共服务建设"短板",探索推动基层公共服务精细化治理是服务体制机制转换、知识工具支撑、现实窘境倒逼和治理绩效目标追求的逻辑必然.基层公共服务精细化治理要以科学性、整体性、协同性、规范性为原则,以标准化、精准化、智能化、人性化为根本目标,通过制度规制引导、"精明行政+社会服务"双元机制建构和问责机制的设计,对"政府核心—社会多元"行动者进行有效引导.从服务价值创造、主体服务职能厘定、府际跨部门协同聚合、多主体合作共治、网络智能互促融合等层面推动基层公共服务精细化治理实践的行动路径创新.     

Mixing God's Work and the Public Business: A Framework for the Analysis of Faith‐Based Service Delivery

Over the past thirty years, there has been a dramatic transformation in the way the American political process operates. There has been a growing public perception that traditional political institutions lack the capacity to meet existing challenges. This has led many observers to call for a rethinking of how government does its work. Numerous alternatives, including the use of faith‐based organizations, have been suggested. The current popular debate on the appropriate role of faith‐based organizations in public service delivery has shed little light on a number of important issues raised by engaging such actors in governance issues. The impact of using faith‐based institutions to design and implement public policy must be considered not only in terms of traditional evaluation standards, but also regarding potential long‐term impacts on the political process itself. This article outlines a theoretical framework for the evaluation of faith‐based organizations as “alternatives” to conventional governance structures. It identifies key practical and theoretical issues raised by such substitution, in both short and long range systemic terms.     

Knights and Knaves Return: Public Service Motivation and the Delivery of Public Services

ABSTRACT

There are several models for delivering public services such as health care or education, most of which can be summarised under the headings of trust, mistrust, voice, and choice. Each contains assumptions concerning the motivation of the professionals and others who provide the service concerned: that is, the extent to which they are “knaves,” motivated primarily by self-interest, or “knights,” motivated by altruism and the desire to provide a public service. This article highlights the assumptions concerning motivation implicit in each of the delivery models, illustrating the points made by reference to the author's experience as a senior policy adviser to British Prime Minister Tony Blair and to some evidence on the performance of public services under the different models.     

基于城乡公共服务一体化的行政体制改革

要实现城乡公共服务一体化,就必须对我国的行破管理体制进行改革.这是因为城市政府与农村政府在行敢层级、职责分工、财政负担、机构体系和管理制度上存在的差异,成为实现一体化的主要体制性障碍.同时我国行政区划、农村税费、公共服务机构和户籍制度等改革的现状是建立以城市政府为主的城乡统一的公共服务体制的现实基础和依据.改革的主要建议包括明确城市政府与农村政府的职责,公共财政从重视城市发展转变为城乡协调发展,统一城乡公共服务机构等.     

Performance Management in Australia's Public Mental Health Service: A State Based Perspective

This article investigates the implementation of key performance indicators (KPIs) in Western Australia's public mental health system. A nationally agreed performance measurement framework forms part of the much needed reform now taking place within Australia. However, progress in the effective monitoring and reporting of KPIs is slow in most states, including Western Australia. The authors report on the results of a selective case study involving semi‐structured interviews with mental health administrators and offer a more nuanced insight into the intricacies and difficulties involved in performance measurement reform. The principal finding is that effective performance measurement and reporting can be internally problematic, particularly within a fragmented and networked system. This tends to give rise to a conformance‐only approach to performance measurement.     

Adjusting to New Ways of Working: Experiments with Service Delivery in the Public Sector

In response to the perceived failure of both the state and market models of service delivery, governments have embarked on a reform program that draws on the community sector to expand the suite of available policy and service delivery arrangements. This paper explores and identifies the nature of changed relationships between government and the community sector. It uses a case study that examines the operation of a new type of community organisation, and analyses the affectivity and outcomes from the experience of a community based networked arrangement. Although there is evidence of a shift to more relationship‐ oriented models of operation because of either mandate or preference both community and government sectors have found it difficult to make the necessary adjustments to these new ways of working. Community has begun the shift to this new relational approach but finds it difficult to sustain the momentum and tends to revert to more independent and competitive modes. Governments find it difficult to make the necessary adjustments to power‐sharing and resource allocation and continue to operate as ‘business as usual’ through the traditional bureaucratic authority of command and control. In this way, the rhetoric of collaboration and partnership between government and the community sector is not necessarily matched by policy and action supporting the practice of ‘new ways of working’ although these ‘experiments in service delivery’ have opened the way for adopting more innovative and effective approaches to service delivery.