人工生殖技术下夫妻生育权的契合与冲突

人工生殖技术远不是简单的医学问题,它的应用对人类生育方式、婚姻家庭观念、社会伦理道德、法律等都产生了深远的影响。与自然生育中的夫妻生育权相比,人工生殖技术割裂了生育与性行为、血缘的直接必然联系,夫妻生育权的问题更为复杂和棘手。因此,夫妻双方的书面同意意义重大。夫妻书面同意的,生育权处于契合状态;未有书面同意的,构成对配偶生育权的侵犯,夫妻生育处于冲突状态。     

Legal Causes and Council in Reproductive Health

To study Judicial determinants of the ordered obstetrical and fertility interventions. Nature, corresponding laws, decisions upon the 37 expounded holdings at the Probate, Trial, District, Appellate, and Supreme Courts are studied in 92 published materials identified through the ACOG, RCOG, SOCG portals, and Legal Scholarship Repository. Hearings are held in the US (83.8 %), Canada (10.8 %) and U.K (5.4 %). Of all the hearings reviewed, 27 % concern mentally impaired, 37.8 %-maternal incompetence, and 21.6 % cases are of criminal nature. The Judicial determinants vary from country to country. In Canada, the ordered medical interventions are effected by the child protection legislation, whereas in the US, by court orders. In majority of cases, orders are obtained by dismissing the patriae petitions for involuntary sterilizations of mentally impaired sui juris adults (57 %); coerced obstetrical interventions (33.3 %), fetal custody (50 %); enforcement of surrogacy contracts (62.5 %) in favor of the Common Humanity Benefit clause; and recognizing the rights to inherit in posthumously conceived children (80 %) pursuant to the Social Security Act, Law of obviousness, Law of inherent anticipation, and Intestacy statute. Current study prioritizes two questions: (1) whether it is justified to override the wishes of a competent patient purportedly in her best interests; and (2) whether the patient’s autonomy and competence is an absolute concept. With the law unsettled as to a woman’s right to assent a treatment and contradict her fetus, parties concerned with fetal rights should consider exercising of screening tools on maternal judgmental fitness jointly developed by medical and legal practitioners. Further, given the advances in gamete conservations, states consider enacting legislation in order to safeguard the orderly administration of estates disrupted by claims from posthumously conceived children. A balance must be struck between the child’s right to inherit, the state’s interest, as well as the interests of prior born children.     

Fragmenting Fatherhood: The Regulation of Reproductive Technologies

Reproductive technologies offer the potential to break down parenthood into a number of constituent parts. These disruptive possibilities mean that the regulation of reproductive technologies holds important potential for study, providing a significant resource that has been little analysed with regard to fatherhood. This study attempts to remedy that lacuna through consideration of a range of recent developments in this area of English law. It reaches two general conclusions. First, while the law regulating reproductive technologies attributes great importance to fatherhood, this is rooted primarily (though not exclusively) in concerns for the symbolic importance of fathers, rather than in more practical considerations such as ensuring financial provision or a second hands-on carer for a child. Secondly, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990) contains a clear attempt to protect and entrench the role of the father as completing the nuclear family. However, recent developments suggest that this legal preference for the nuclear family is subject to clear emerging cracks.     

辅助生殖技术可能带来的相关刑事法律问题研究

辅助生殖技术的成功运用和不断完善实施,给众多不孕家庭带来了福音,使得他们为人父母成为一种可能,加之辅助生殖技术成功率的提升,更给这一技术的推广带来了机遇。目前全世界不孕不育率之高以及这种仍在增长的趋势是前所未有的,这给该技术的推广带来了机遇但是同时也一系列问题。本文讨论的是这一系列问题中的“犯罪与刑法相关问题”,正如本文中所列举,这一技术所可能引发的刑事法律问题并不是单一的,而是多发的,也是存在于多个领域之中的,这需要我们用立法对其加以规制,这既是对违法犯罪行为的打击,同时更重要的是对辅助生殖技术安全规范实施的保障。     

Reproductive Health: Morals,Margins and Rights

Reproductive interventions and technologies have the capacity to generate profound societal unease and to provoke hostile reactions underpinned by various moral concerns. This paper shows that this position currently goes relatively unchecked by the European Court of Human Rights, which allows the margin of appreciation and consensus doctrines significantly to limit the scope of reproductive rights under the right to respect for private and family life under Article 8. This occurs both in relation to the interest in avoiding reproduction at stake in abortion, and that in achieving it at stake in medically assisted reproduction. The paper demonstrates significant flaws in the Court's framing and deployment of these doctrines in its reproductive jurisprudence. It argues that, as regards existing and upcoming reproductive interventions and technologies, the Court should attend to the concept of reproductive health, long recognised in international conventions and policy materials.     

ReConceiving Masculinity: Imagining Men's Reproductive Bodies in Law

It is not just women's bodies which can pose risks to the foetus but also those of men, with the quality of sperm playing an important role in foetal health. This article assesses why male antenatal behaviour has received such scant attention. It focuses on the regulation of liability for congenital disability and foetal protection legislation and policies, in order to uncover the received understandings of male and female reproductivity which have informed the law in this area. It argues that these understandings are predicated upon a particular vision of men's and women's bodies and of a gendered division of labour following the birth of a child.     

试论代际生育平等权的社会权属性

代际生育平等权是指由于国家政策和法律对公民生育权的限制,导致不同代的公民生育权的不平等,因而其享有要求国家构建科学合理的保障与救济制度的权利.发生学视角下,代际生育平等权与社会权一样,皆以外在的“剥夺”为发生前提;保障方式上,两者皆有“明知不可为而为之”的特点,强调国家作为义务和贯彻“物质优先原则”;在权利主体方面,两者也具有相似性,即理论预设上两者的权利主体皆是全体公民,而现实权利主体却是部分公民.代际生育平等权具有社会权属性,是社会权子类型之一,这种界定极具现实意义.