气候贸易措施：GATT 第20 条的限制性和适用的不确定性

《京都议定书》的第一个承诺期即将到期,发达国家出于各种原因可能不断出台或完善应对气候变化的国内措施,气候贸易措施有单边化的趋势。尽管单边的气候措施与贸易自由的冲突会日益明显,但是发达国家很有可能寄望于GATT第20条例外条款寻找缺口。从规则上来讲,GATT第20条为援引例外设定诸多限制条件,发挥社会利益与贸易自由的平衡作用,但是由于措词模糊,第20条的适用更依赖于个案的司法平衡,为适用结果带来诸多不确定性因素。因此,本文结合WTO经典案例,深入分析GATT第20条的限制条件,剖析司法适用中的不确定性因素,提出多边机制应对气候变化问题是现阶段化解各种矛盾的积极选择。     

WTO规则下单边贸易保护措施实施的条件——关贸总协定第二十条第二款之适用

随着全球生态环境问题的兴起和可持续发展战略的提出,经济、社会和生态环境的协调发展逐渐为人们所重视.虽然主张贸易自由化的WTO仍强调,应站在传统贸易优先的立场上,通过国际协作,禁止缔约方采取单边贸易措施的方法以达到全球环境保护的目的,但上诉机构对虾-海龟案的最终裁决表明,单边环境措施可以同贸易规则相调和.本文试图通过WTO上诉机构关于金枪鱼案、汽油案和虾-海龟案裁决,以及对<欧盟捕猎夹法规>的比较分析,讨论关贸总协定第二十条第二款之适用.     

我国气候变化立法的缺陷及其对策分析

我国气候变化立法存在着一些较为明显的缺陷,这在一定程度上制约着我国温室气体排放控制战略的实施。目前,气候变化问题已经成为威胁人类生存和发展的一大国际环境问题。温室气体的排放控制战略是《气候变化框架公约》所确立的应对气候变化问题的根本举措。我国应当按照《气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》的法律要求,健全和完善气候变化立法以进一步控制温室气体的排放量,从而为全球气候变化问题的应对做出更大的贡献。     

Foe or Friend of GATT Article XXIV: Diversity in Trade Remedy Rules

While the WTO Member countries continue to increase their FTAarrangements with divergent frameworks, they have begun to adoptmodified WTO trade remedy systems in FTAs. Although the contentand degree of these modified systems may not be significantyet, they still set very important precedents, or ‘seeds’,for ‘rule diversification’ in the world tradingsystem. Such modification typically aims to further liberalizemutual trade between FTA parties and thereby contribute to afreer world trading system. However, such rule diversificationappears to be inconsistent with the mandate of Article XXIVof GATT by worsening economically inferior trade diversion.The reinterpretation of the legal obligations in Article XXIVcommensurate with economically more reasonable structures impliesthat trade remedy rules in FTAs should be applied on a non-discriminatorybasis. Moreover, an FTA safeguard measure must precede a WTOsafeguard measure to ensure optimal competitive conditions amongtrading partners. In sum, the right channel for improving thecurrent WTO trade remedy systems is not the FTA forums but theWTO negotiation.     

税收协定的国内适用——基于《企业所得税法》第58条的考察

《企业所得税法》第58条试图全面解决税收协定在国内适用的三个问题,即条约的国内法效力、适用方式和法律位阶。对于如何理解第58条中的不同规定与办理,存在绝对主权说和国际条约说之争。虽然两种学说的理论依据和具体主张有所不同,但它们均以维护法律体系的纯粹性为最高目标。这两种学说并不符合中国的混合一元条约适用体制。当前,中国应采取更具实质主义导向的方法适用税收协定。     

Legal Protection Against Domestic Violence in India: Scope and Limitations

This paper deals with the scope and limits of legal measures to curb domestic violence against women in India. The Indian state has enacted several laws in the past to address the issue and recently a new comprehensive law is added to the list. The new law has become an alternative to many urban victims. Yet, a review of the performance of the old and new laws on domestic violence proves that legal measures to curb domestic violence have serious limitations. They could neither guarantee any reduction in the extent of such violence, nor could they expedite the justice delivery system in India. Much remains to be done to ensure gender justice in a patriarchal society. Discussion here is based on secondary data and supplemented by field data collected through qualitative research informed by feminist epistemology in the district of Burdwan, West Bengal.     

论IMF协定在WTO汇率争端解决案中的适用性——基于对GATT第15条的解释

GATT第15条是有关IMF与WTO在外汇事项管辖权分配方面的重要规定。既有研究强调在WTO体制内针对汇率操纵提起诉讼的不可行性,但通过对GATT第15条的解读可以发现,WTO从本质上是要排除IMF协定对相关问题的介入,从而预留了WTO协定独立解决相关问题的空间。     

程序正义及其局限性

程序正义是现代法的程序结构派生出的一种伦理形态 ,其本质为程序之中的伦理、非人格化的伦理、相对化和形式化的伦理、程序化的制度伦理。现实当中的程序正义是选举、司法以及立法、行政管理正当化的观念基础 ,宪政民主体制的伦理内涵。然而 ,程序正义之不幸在于其代表的乃是强者的正义 ,因而对弱者的权利保障是宪政民主体制不可缺少的组成部分。     

论自由心证及其限制

党的十六届四中全会通过《中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》,提出了加强、提高党的五种执政能力。而后召开的全国高级法院院长会议中,最高法院院长肖扬指出,增强司法能力,提高司法水平是人民法院落实加强党的执政能力建设要求的重要任务。审判工作是司法工作的重中之重,乔恩.R.华尔兹说过,审判和诉讼就是“把一片片证据拼在一起的工作”①。因此,法官如何运用证据,通过何种方法认定案件事实,对于准确定罪量刑起着关键作用。本文就如何理解、把握并运用自由心证的证据制度略作分析。一、自由心证的含义及发展自由心证,即法官自由评…     

《物权法》第116条的适用范围探讨

我国《物权法》第116条就孳息的归属做出了一般规定,但未对孳息及其属概念进行界定,其他的法律文件也多处涉及孳息的返还、收取和归属,为准确适用《物权法》第116条,必须明确孳息及其属概念的范围以及《物权法》第116条与其他相关法律规定的效力关系。     

Article 345 TFEU (ex Article 295 EC), Its Meanings and Interpretations

Research that has been conducted over the last decades shows that neither the scope of application nor the exact meaning of Article 345 TFEU (ex Article 295 EC) is clear from its wording. This article seeks to clarify its meaning through analysis of the drafting of the Article as well as the use of it by the EU's institutions and by the Member States. Article 345 TFEU, formerly Article 295 EC and, before that, Article 222 EEC, is an Article that limits, but not prevents, the application of the TFEU Treaty as a whole to the way in which rules of a Member State deal with the right of ownership of undertakings. The conclusion can be drawn that Article 345 TFEU only concerns the private or public ownership of undertakings, with which the Community shall not concern itself and which can thus be regulated by the Member States themselves. Most importantly, the Article does not concern the content of the right of ownership, nor the objects of a right of ownership. It does therefore not form an obstacle to the development of a European property law.     

欧共体条约第81条第1款对母子公司行为的法律适用

<欧洲共同体条约>第81条第1款是欧共体竞争法关于联合限制竞争行为的核心实体法规范.由于母公司与子公司形式上的法律关系与实质上的经济关系存在不一致性,因此,第81条第1款能否适用于母公司与子公司之间的行为就成为理论与实践的重要问题.本文主要以欧共体竞争法的实践为研究对象,对该问题展开较为深入的探讨.     

试论WTO争端解决机制在TRIPs协议国内实施领域的局限性——对于发展中国家国内知识产权法实施阶段的争端考察

过渡期之后,发展中国家的知识产权立法与TRIPs协议基本一致,国内知识产权法的实施成为发达国家关注的重点。但是,WTO争端解决机制难以在该领域有效发挥作用。成员方知识产权法实施状况的多样性和TRIPs协议有关用语的抽象性,使得特别工作组或上诉机构难以认定发展中国家的知识产权法实施状态违反TRIPs协议。而即使发达国家能够在有关争端中胜诉,裁决执行监督机制也很难保证该裁决在发展中国家得到有效执行。最后,如同特别301条款实践所证明的,贸易报复措施可以将有关知识产权立法强加给发展中国家,却不能使这些法律在发展中国家得到有效实施。     

对我国《海事诉讼特别程序法》第97条的理解与适用

如何理解和适用<海事诉讼特别程序法>第97条的规定是油污诉讼不可回避的焦点问题,本文就该条法律规定的立法渊源、在诉讼中的理解与适用提出自己的看法.     

《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第76条之法律适用

《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》自实施以来,围绕该法第76条的法律适用问题,各方意见分歧不断,这也给司法实践带来了一定程度的混乱,为正确理解和适用新76条,本文对该条款的修订背景、变化和它所确立的归责原则与存在问题以及《侵权责任法》为何没简单照搬该条文进行了深入探讨,希望能对《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第76条的正确适用有所裨益。     

死刑的限缩——关于死刑适用及其程序的再思考

我国现行刑事法律强调死刑只适用于罪大恶极、不杀不足以平民愤的罪犯，但刑法所规定的最高刑罚为死刑的罪名达74种，有过多之嫌，长期以来，死刑的适用在实践中有时控制不严，甚至有着一种扩大的趋势。这些问题造成的直接结果，就是我国死刑问题时常成为国内外舆论的焦点。近期有关死刑核准权的上收和死刑案件二审开庭，引起世人关注。最高人民法院有关死刑案件办理程序的改良措施和司法解释，不仅为国内法律界人士所关心，也为域外关心我国司法状况的法律人所瞩目。     

美国法律文化的自由及其局限

法国哲学家托克维尔和美国法学家弗里德曼相继考察了美国法律文化,描述了自由的特色及其突出地位.在美国法律文化中,自由经历了重要的转变,从放任的自由转向调控的自由,这种转变在一定程度上缓解了自由与平等之间的紧张关系.但是,从协商民主的视角看,这两种自由都有局限,更需要的在于公民的积极自由.在权威与自由的关系上,美国通过宪政机制防止政治权威滥用权力,并尝试通过大众文化消解政治权威,但根本措施在于公民积极行使公共自主权,主动参与政治和社会治理.当代美国的法律数量不断增加,调控的领域也不断扩大,这在限制个人自由的同时也加强了对自由的保护,但要使法律与自由相容并真正成为保护自由的有效武器,必须实现公民自我立法,只有公民既是守法者又是立法者时,法律的发展才会与自由的扩大并行不悖.     

Trade Measures and Climate Compliance: Institutional Interplay Between WTO and the Marrakesh Accords

This article examines the potential of trade measures to induce more climate-friendly policies, focusing on the relationship between global trade rules and the Kyoto climate regime. At the core of this interplay is the normative consistency of trade-related rules in the two regimes and any hierarchical relationship between them. The stronger clout of the WTO and its compulsory dispute settlement system suggest that issues involving competing claims would be referred to WTO bodies. Such bodies have so far been restrictive regarding the exceptions in WTO agreements to the general ban on embargoes and discrimination. The normative compatibility of the two regimes will also depend on their participatory interplay, specifically how they differentiate groups of actors as to rights and obligations. Non-members of WTO receive the least protection, and their vulnerability to climate-related trade measures is largely determined by their interdependence with states that consider employment of such measures. Among WTO members, the findings of a dispute settlement body would presumably differ depending on the status of the target under the Kyoto Protocol. A non-complier with Kyoto commitments would be more shielded than a non-party, because by joining the Kyoto regime a non-complier has exposed itself to regime-internal and less trade intrusive measures that should be exhausted first. A third dimension of interplay is linkage, or efforts to influence the regime interplay. To date there has only been moderate cross-agency coordination, but considerable attention is paid within each regime, including in the Millennium Round of trade negotiations, to the desirability of avoiding conflict between them.