用荧光显微镜观察Y小体确定骨骼肌的性别

作者将人骨骼肌经冰冻切片,0.5％阿的平染色,用荧光显微镜观察,计数Y小体的出现率以确定性别。53例中34例男性Y小体的出现率在20～76％,平均为50.38％;19例女性的类Y小体的出现率在0～3％均值0.89％,将两者行t检验,t值等于13.93,P(0.01,差异极显著。通过对41例检材进行盲测,结果准确率达100％。     

对420例血痕性别测定的研究

<正> 本文收集420例干血痕,男性364例,女性56例,经制片、国产盐酸阿的平染色,用奥林巴斯研究显微镜,对血痕Y荧光小体进行了观测,结果364例男性血痕的Y小体检出率平均为29.69％,其变动范围在9～63％;56例女性血痕的类Y小体平均检出率为0.75％,其变动范围0～4％;实验的同时,对150例男性血痕和25例女性血痕涂片,运用透     

用双色荧光原位杂交技术鉴定血痕性别

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交技术在血痕性别鉴定中应用及其价值。方法对20例新鲜人血及20例1-2年人血痕的X、Y染色体采用双色荧光探针进行原位杂交分析。结果 人新鲜血,男性X、Y信号检出的完整率为98.8％,其中Y信号的检出率为100％,女性X、X信号检出的完整率为96.5％;1-2年人血痕,男性X、Y信号检出的完整率为88％,其中Y信号的检出率为90％,女性X、X信号检出的完整率为80％;40例血液(痕)性别检测的符合率为100％。结论双色荧光原位杂交技术可以鉴定血痕性别。     

用Y—染色体特异DNA探针鉴识微量干血痕性别的研究

法医鉴识干血痕性别,通常是用盐酸阿地平染色观察 Y—小体的方法。重组 DNA 技术的发展与应用,为法医物证检验开辟了新的领域。本文用 Y—染色体特异 DNA 探针鉴识干血痕性别的成功,为法医的血痕性别签定,提供了一种新的检验方法。     

DYS19、DYS391、DYS439三个Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增的法医学应用研究

目的　研究Y—染色体STR基因座在法医学检测中的应用价值。方法　用荧光标记DYS19,DYS391,DYS4 39三个Y—STR基因座 ,PCR复合扩增 ,通过毛细管电泳得到结果。结果　三个Y—STR基因座有较高的种属特异性 ;观察 5 0次男性配子细胞形成过程中的减数分裂未发现突变基因 ;对男∶女不同比例混合血样检测 ,当男∶女性血样比达 1∶5 0时 ,仍能准确分型Y—STR基因型 ,并且Y—STR检验较常染色体STR分型更有优势 ;检测了 1～ 15个月病理石蜡切片 ,表明Y -STR基因座适合降解DNA的检测。结论　Y -STR分型适合日常法医检案的需要 ,该方法是对常染色体STR应用的一个补充。     

王文功强奸杀人案的Y染色体检验

染色体是遗传物质的载体,存在于分裂间期细胞的细胞核内。人类的染色体有23对46条,其中22对叫常染色体,男性与女性的常染色体都是一样的,剩下的一对叫性染色体,男性与女性是不一样的,男性的这对性染色体由一个X染色体和一个Y染色体组成,女性的则由两条相同的X染色体组成。     

海洛因诱导大脑神经元凋亡的研究

目的观察海洛因有无直接诱导培养大脑神经元凋亡的作用。方法神经元培养取自SD大鼠妊娠的胎鼠大脑皮质,培养7d后分别用不同浓度的海洛因(纯度80%)处理大脑神经元24h。用FDA法分析细胞存活率,Hoechst 33258荧光染色后观察凋亡的形态学改变,再用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析凋亡的生化特征。结果海洛因可剂量依赖性地降低神经元的存活率;荧光显微镜可见细胞核染为高亮蓝色的典型凋亡小体,其细胞核明显固缩、凝聚和断裂,且随海洛因剂量的增加,出现凋亡小体的细胞明显增多;不同浓度的海洛因处理大脑神经元,电泳图谱显示清晰的DNA梯带。结论海洛因可直接诱导大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡。     

Y染色体A10和C4基因座遗传多态性及其法医学意义

<正> Y染色体(除拟常染区外)呈单倍型、父系遗传,在法医学中具有重要而独特的应用价值。目前,法医实际工作中常用的8个Y—STR构成的单倍型个人识别率为93.6％,不能满足法医学的要求[1、2],有必要寻找新的Y—STR。本文作者调查了由White等人首先报道[4] Y—GATA—A10(简称A10)和Y—GA—     

云南汉族家系Y—STR基因座突变率研究

目的研究Y—filer试剂盒中DYS19等基因座在云南省汉族家系样本中的突变率。方法应用Y—filer试剂盒中的DYS456等16个Y—STR基因座对云南省30个汉族家系爷／孙、叔／侄和兄弟／堂兄弟亲权关系的106份样本进行基因分型检测,对DYS19等基因座分型与家系其他成员不同的样本分别进行了单位点的测序。结果6个（周姓、徐姓、王姓、袁姓、许姓、李姓）不同父系姓氏7例样本的10个Y—STR基因座发生突变,分别是DYS19、DYS385各2例,DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390、DYS458、DYS393、DYS635各1例,总突变率为5．549‰;王姓、袁姓、许姓家系中各有1例样本分别在2个Y—STR基因座上发生了突变。结论男性家系中随机样本Y—STR基因座的突变率高于父子对样本;用Y—STR基因座进行父系亲权鉴定和男性嫌疑人的家系排查时,既使有2个Y—STR基因座分型不同时也不要轻易排除其来源于同一父系家系。     

Sinofiler试剂盒性别检测异常2例分析

<正>本文报道在亲子鉴定中经Sinofiler试剂盒检验Amelogenin基因座出现X和Y基因各缺失1例,以供同行借鉴。1案例资料1.1样本案例1被鉴定人:王某,8岁,外观男性。案例2杜某,30岁,外观男性,胡须、喉结清晰可辨,育有1女;杜某胞弟。以上3人血样各1份。对照样本:已知正常男性、女性血样各1份。     

The talus: sex assessment of prehistoric New Zealand Polynesian skeletal remains

Prehistoric Polynesian skeletal remains are frequently being recovered in New Zealand due to the increasing pace of urbanisation. Since such material must often be reinterred quickly, it is important that the sex of individuals be determined from the remains in a relatively short time. For this purpose, discriminant function analysis was utilised for sex determination of prehistoric adult New Zealand Polynesian tali (24 males and 27 females). Five measurements were taken and subjected to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) discriminant function analysis. For the discriminant functions derived, accuracy of sex determination ranged from 85.1 to 93.3%. Reduction in error over random assignment by sex ranged from 70 to 87%.     

Identification of male bloodstains by dot hybridization of human Y chromosome-specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe

The sex determination of bloodstains was performed using a human Y chromosome-specific (DNA) fragment of 1.9-kb length as a hybridization probe. The DNA samples were taken from 1- and 4-week-old bloodstains of males and females, respectively. Strong signals with male DNA were observed by Y-probe, while faint signals with female DNA were detected. In addition, clear signals were observed in the extract samples from male bloodstains (16-week-old) on paper. Dot hybridization of the Y-probe would be widely applicable to studies on sex determination of medicolegal materials such as blood, bloodstains, teeth, and cadaverous parts.     

Sex determination and estimation of stature from the long bones of the arm

The determination of sex and the estimation of stature from bones play an important role in identifying unknown bodies, parts of bodies or skeletal remains. In medico-legal practice statements on the probable sex of a decomposed body or part of a body are often expected even during autopsy. The present study was, therefore, restricted to few easily accessible dimensions from bones which were prepared only by mechanically removing soft tissues, tendons and ligaments. The specimens came from the Anatomical Institutes in Munich and Cologne from the years 1994-1998 including a total of 143 individuals (64 males and 79 females). The mean age was 79 years (46-108), the mean body height 161cm (134-189). The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal ulnar width (mean: 3.4cm in males, 2.9cm in females), distal ulnar width (mean: 2.2cm in males; 1.8cm in females), maximum radial length (mean: 24.6cm in males; 22.0cm in females), radial head diameter (mean: 2.6cm in males, 2.2cm in females) and distal radial width (mean: 3.6cm in males; 3.2cm in females). The differences between the means in males and females were significant (P<0.0005). A discriminant analysis was carried out with good results. A percentage of 94.93% of cases were correctly classified when all measures of the radius were applied jointly, followed by humerus (93.15%) and ulna (90.58%). Applied singly, the humeral head diameter allowed the best distinction (90.41% correctly grouped cases), followed by the radial length (89.13%), the radial head diameter (88.57%) and the humeral epicondylar width (88.49%). The linear regression analysis for quantifying the correlation between the bone lengths and the stature led to unsatifactory results with large 95%-confidence intervals for the coefficients and high standard errors of estimate.     

The external occipital protuberance: can it be used as a criterion in the determination of sex?

Sex determination of a corpse can be problematic in cases where the body is damaged. Useful criteria would assist in the identification of sex in such cases. The goal of this study is to determine the usefulness of the external occipital protuberance (EOP) in the determination of sex, especially in lateral cranium radiographs. The types and configurations of the EOP were investigated on normal lateral cranium radiographs of 1000 subjects (500 males and 500 females) and 694 dry-skull remains (371 males and 323 females) from a 16th Century Anatolian population for the purpose of sex determination. In the radiographic examination, the incidence of less prominent (Type 1) EOP is found to be 85.4% in females whereas 17.8% in males. The spine type (Type 3) EOP is found to be 63.4% in males and to be 4.2% in females. On the other hand, studies of dry-skull remains revealed the incidence of Type 1 EOP to be 67.5% in females and Type 3 EOP to be 55.2% in males. The crest type (Type 2) EOP is approximately equal in both sexes and is found to be less valuable for sex determination in both groups.     

破碎胫骨的性别判别分析研究

本文对135例(男69,女66)国人成年胫骨进行了12项测量。统计检验表明所有项目都具有非常显著的性别差异。按照判定破碎胫骨性别的需要,采用逐步判别分析和Fisher方法建立了17项判定破碎胫骨性别的判别函数。判别率为79.3～84.4％。本研究表明胫骨上端宽、下端宽和滋养孔处骨干周长具有最重要的性别鉴定价值,其单项判别率为79.3％～80.2％。     

Putrefaction: An Additional Complicating Factor in the Assessment of Freshwater Drownings in Rivers

Background hypothesis: That bodies immersed in freshwater (rivers) may show greater changes of decomposition than bodies immersed in saltwater (sea). Fifty de‐identified river drownings and 50 sea drownings were randomly selected from autopsy files at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia and assessed for decomposition. Results: The river cases consisted of 43 males and seven females (M:F 6:1); age range of 2–92 years (mean 46.8 years); decomposition—16/50 (32%); postmortem interval 1–14 days, average 3.8. The sea cases consisted of 36 males and 14 females (M:F 2.6:1); age range of 9–81 years (mean 50.7 years); decomposition—2/50 (4%) (p < 0.001%); postmortem interval 1–6 days, average 2.8. As decomposition reduces information obtained at autopsy, postmortem examination of deaths in rivers may be less informative than deaths that have occurred in the sea. The reasons for less decomposition in the sea include cooler temperatures, exposure to salt and shorter postmortem intervals.     

Sexual Dimorphism of Maxillary Sinus Dimensions Using Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography

Sex determination of unknown persons plays an important role in forensic medicine. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an excellent imaging modality for accurate measurement of maxillary sinus dimensions. This study aimed to evaluate whether maxillary sinus measurements on CBCT scans can be applied for sex determination. The width, length, and height of maxillary sinuses in CBCT images of 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) were measured. Student's t‐test and discriminant function analysis were used to compare differences in the measured parameters between males and females. The correct predictive accuracy rate of sex determination was 78% in females and 74% in males with overall accuracy of 76%. Based on discriminant analysis, the most pronounced variable in differentiation of sex groups was maxillary sinus height. This study suggests that maxillary sinus measurements can be valuable for sex determination in forensic investigation, especially for cases in which other traditional methods are not applicable.     

A Test of the DSP Sexing Method on CT Images from a Modern French Sample

The hip bone is considered to be one of the most reliable indicators in sex determination. The aim of this study was to test the reliability of the DSP method for the hip bone proposed by Murail et al. (Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris, 17, 2005, 167) on a sample from a present‐day population in France (52 males and 54 females). Ten linear measurements were collected from three‐dimensional models derived from computed tomography images (CTI). To quantify the proportions of correct sex determinations, a more rigorous posterior probability threshold of 0.95 was applied. Using all 10 measurements, 92.3% of males and 97.2% of females were sexed correctly. The percentage of undetermined specimens varied depending on the used combination of measurements; however, all sexes were assigned with a 100% accuracy. This study proves that DSP is an appropriate and reliable tool for sex determination, based on dimensions obtained from CTI.     

Is Dwight Right? Can the Maximum Height of the Scapula Be Used for Accurate Sex Estimation?*

Abstract: This paper presents data from a sample of 803 individuals (308 females and 495 males) from the Hamann‐Todd collection testing Dwight’s century‐old assertion that maximum height of the human scapula can be used for sex estimation—males being larger than 170 mm, females falling below 140 mm. The results of this project show Dwight’s method has high accuracy when scapular height falls either above or below the sex specific demarcation points (96.81%), but a vast majority of both males and females fall in between. The overall accuracy of the method is just 29.27%. By empirically demonstrating the limited usefulness of Dwight’s technique, the author hopes the rote republication of this method in introductory texts on the subject will cease, and draw attention to the need for multiple methods of sex estimation as a response to the overlap in both size and shape between males and females.