Postmortem biochemical changes in canine blood

Antemortem and postmortem blood samples from 60 dogs were evaluated for sodium, chloride, potassium, urea nitrogen, glucose, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, and carbon dioxide levels. Temperatures were 4, 20 and 37 degrees C. Postmortem intervals were 3, 6, 12, and 48 h. Blood urea nitrogen, calcium, and protein values remained stable after death, indicating diagnostic significance. Potassium, creatinine, and phosphorus levels increased with time and sodium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide levels decreased with time; therefore, determining these chemical values could be beneficial in estimating time of death. Glucose values were of limited value.     

Part on Green and Low-Carbon Development of China's Environmental Code System Response and Institution Implementation in Sustainable Development

The sustainable development integrity, national development goals, and legislative status quo have determined that the Green and Low-Carbon Development Part must be designed and incorporated into the China's Environmental Code (Code). The theoretical evolution in the action field, system composition, value function, and operation mechanism of the Environmental Law, as well as the practice development of the Environmental Protection Law legislation, enforcement, and judicial practices have laid a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the incorporation of green and lowcarbon development into the Code. The institutional layout of green and low-carbon development should respect and highlight its own traits. Furthermore, it is important to stress communication and coordination with other parts of the Code, follow the laws of energy development and utilization, and satisfy the inherent requirements of raw material reduction, reuse, and recycle. The layout method should abide by the general principle of general first, specific second; domestic first, international second; defined first, undefined second with decomposition goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as an exception. The layout effect of the flexibility first, rigidity second is pursued. The chapters of General Provisions, Cleaner Production Green Circulation, Green Consumption, Support and Supervision, and International Cooperation, and Climate Change Response, are specifically designed. Efforts are made to improve new systems, such as strategies and standards for green and low-carbon development, green logistics, energy performance contracting, green finance, carbon emissions trading, and energy early warning.     

Interpersonal violent crime in Ghana: The case of assault in Accra

This study examined the trends, patterns, and socio-spatial conditions and factors that foster assaultive incidents and behaviors in Accra, Ghana. Specifically, the study examined how much assaults occurred over time, background characteristics of the victims and offenders, victim-offender relationships, and the housing units that recorded the most assaults. Among the triggers of assaults were females in familial settings and neighborhood propinquity, that is, disputants related through kinship, residential proximity, and contractual obligations. Arguments, drunkenness name-calling, jokes, funerals, inheritance, property, festivals, chieftaincy, communal living and sharing, such spatial factors as transient populations and routine activities were among the remote and immediate causes of the assaultive incidents. Among the housing units, the compound houses recorded the highest assaults. The majority of the victims and suspects were young males, between eighteen and thirty-four years, unemployed or in low paying blue-collar jobs. The majority of the assaults occurred in Accra Central, the precinct with the most compound homes and lower-class neighborhoods, followed by Nima, Kaneshie, and Kpeshie. Most assault incidents occurred in the morning, between 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. and in the afternoon, between 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.     

Accusatorial and information-gathering interview and interrogation methods: a multi-country comparison

Suspect interviewing and interrogation practices have been studied in many different countries, including those in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. These studies have produced useful and interesting findings, while also leaving an opening for future inquiry. Specifically, previous research has noted that we might expect interrogation and interviewing practices to vary among different countries or regions, due to distinct approaches to suspect questioning. However, to our knowledge, few previous studies have examined the comparative use of tactics, techniques, and procedures employed to elicit confessions and information from criminal suspects across multiple countries. In the present study, using a consistent survey, we contrasted the interviewing and interrogation practices of 185 practitioners from America, Canada, and Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. In large part, we found that American and Canadian interrogators were similar to one another, and conformed to an accusatorial approach (in both deception detection and questioning techniques). In contrast, interviewers from Europe, Australia, and New Zealand conformed more to an information-gathering approach.     

论公众共用物的法律保护

公众共用物系指不特定多数人的可以非排他性使用的共用物,例如大气、水流、海洋、森林和荒地等环境和自然资源。公众共用物既不属于我国法律规定的私有物,也不属于我国法律上规定的国家所有即全民所有财产。公众共用物是公众自由活动、相互交往以及与自然交往的地域、空间和舞台,是满足人们物质需求和精神需求的食粮,是激发和促进人的思想、理想、情操、美感和艺术的渊源,是人之所以为人、人之所以为生态人社会人、人之所以得以全面发展的物质基础和基本条件,是人类、社会、经济和生态得以可持续发展的物质源泉和基本资源。目前我国公众共用物因受到来自各方面和各种形式的污染、破坏、损害、侵犯而面临着退化、萎缩的危机,急需加强法律保护。公众共用物使用权是指不特定多数人非排他性使用公众共用物的资格、自由和力量。作为公众中一员的每一个人都有公众共用物使用权。对公众共用物的保护和法律调整,不能仅仅依靠单一的政府那只"看得见的手"或"市场那只看不见的手"或"另一只看不见的手",而应该根据具体情况综合利用政府那只"看得见的手"、"市场那只看不见的手"和"另一只看不见的手"这三只手;不能仅仅依靠单一的政府调整、市场调整和社会调整,而应该从实际出发综合采用政府调整、市场调整和社会调整这三种调整机制;不能仅仅依靠单一的中央集权、自由竞争、公有制和私有化手段,而应该根据现实需要适度地进行集权、分权、自治和实行公有、私有、共用措施。我国的法律应该充分发挥公众、政府和市场各自的优势和特点,逐步建立有关公众共用物的综合调整机制、善治机制,避免"公地悲剧"、"反公地悲剧"和埃利诺.奥斯特罗姆所谓的"双重陷阱",通过建立健全公众共用物的法律调整机制,保障公众共用物的健康和可持续存在,保持和维护私用财产、公务财产和共用物的合理比例、综合平衡和协调发展。提出建立健全如下公众共用物的法律规范和法律制度:非排他性使用公众共用物的法律措施和法律制度;保护、改善和治理现有公众共用物的法律措施和法律制度;防止不当减少现有公众共用物数量和规模,保障基本公众共用物供给的法律措施和法律制度;增加公众共用物的法律措施和法律制度;有关公众共用物的法律责任制度和救济制度;有关公众共用物的管理体制以及规划、统计、信息公开等管理制度。这些法律规范和法律制度将确保公众共用物与私人财产、政府财产的比例适当和协调发展,满足公众对公众共用物的需要。     

Disentangling the Disability Quagmire in Psychological Injury and Law

This paper aims to critically analyze the evolution of six models of conceptualization, determination, and prediction of occupational disability relevant in the medico-legal context of psychological injury. The six models are the (a) biomedical, (b) forensic, (c) psychosocial, (d) ecological, (e) economic, and (f) biopsychosocial. We will discuss the key commonalities and differences among the models, including disciplinary tradition, research paradigm, recognition of person–environment interaction, key tenets, and implications for practice and research in psychological injury. The paper will highlight and discuss psychosocial issues, often underemphasized in forensic psychological practice, including: (a) balanced assessment of primary, secondary, and tertiary gains and losses, (b) self-perception, (c) disability identity, (d) beliefs and expectations, (e) coping, (f) adaptation and positive growth, (g) social stigma and social reactions to disability, including disability harassment, and (h) recognition of system-based environmental influences and demands. We will provide a special focus on the current state of the science and practice of prediction of disability, of particular interest to researchers and clinicians involved in clinical and occupational prognostication in psychological injuries. Finally, we will draw conclusions and recommendations for future research and best practices in the psychological injury area using a cross-diagnostic, dynamic, functionally based, and integrated biopsychosocial and forensic model of disability.     

Applicability of two commercially available kits for forensic identification of saliva stains

The RSID-saliva test and the SALIgAE-saliva test are two recently developed forensic saliva detection kits. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and the specificity of the two test kits with the Phadebas amylase test by analyzing amylases from various sources including human, animals, plants, and micro-organism. The data demonstrate that the RSID-saliva test and the SALIgAE-saliva test offer higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of saliva than the Phadebas amylase test. The detection limits of the RSID-saliva test, the SALIgAE-saliva test, and the Phadebas amylase test equate to 10, 4, and 1000 nL, respectively for human saliva. The RSID-saliva test and the SALIgAE-saliva test were further evaluated by analyzing semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk, blood, urine, sweat, and feces. The results of the two tests are in good agreement. The two tests reacted with urine, breast milk, and feces, but not with semen, vaginal secretion, blood, and sweat.     

The human distribution of some barbiturate sedatives in combination with miscellaneous CNS-active drugs

This paper presents 14 cases in which the distribution of barbiturates and the hydroxylated metabolites in combination with miscellaneous CNS-active drugs was studied. In 7 of these cases the other drug present was methadone, and in the remainder dihydrocodeine, morphine, propoxyphene, amitriptyline, meprobamate, cyclizine and dipipanone, diphenhydramine and methaqualone.Amitrityline, methadone, cyclizine and dipipanone, methaqualone and diphenhydramine appeared to modify the distribution of amylobarbitone and quinalbarbitone. Likewise, the barbiturates seemed to alter the distribution of amitriptyline, propoxyphene and, in one instance, methadone.     

经济全球化时代国家主权的辩证法

在经济全球化时代 ,主权的性质再次引起各国学者的普遍关注 ,各种片面的、狭隘的主权观不断滋长蔓延 ,妨碍着国家主权的行使。因而有必要澄清各种思想 ,弄清主权的真正特性。从理论和实践两方面考察 ,主权是辩证的 ,即作为一种抽象的、终极性的独立自主权 ,主权是绝对的 ,既不可分割、也不可限制和让渡 ;而作为体现、保障主权的绝对性的主权权利和权力则是具体的、职能性的 ,因而是相对的 ,既可分割、也可限制和让渡。主权的绝对性和相对性不是相悖的 ,而是辩证统一的。主权的绝对性是无条件的 ,主权的相对性是有条件的。在国际交往和合作日益频繁、斗争日益激烈的社会 ,必须坚持主权的辩证法 ,才能更好地维护国家的独立、安全 ,充分实现国家利益     

Post-mortem toxico-kinetics of trazodone.

Trazodone is a structurally unique bicyclic anti-depressant, said to be significantly less toxic than other anti-depressants following an acute overdose. We studied the tissue distribution and post-mortem redistribution of trazodone in two fatalities, one of which allowed comparison with trimipramine, a typical tricyclic anti-depressant. Case 1, a 53-year-old female weighing 72 kg, had femoral vein concentrations of trimipramine 5.5 micrograms/ml, trazodone 14.4 micrograms/ml and alcohol 107 mg%. Case 2, a 48-year-old female of 70 kg, had a femoral vein trazodone of 15.5 micrograms/ml and alcohol 34 mg%, with no other drugs detected. For case 1 and case 2 respectively, trazodone tissue concentrations were: skeletal muscle 7.3 and 9.0 micrograms/g; left and right lungs 13.3, 12.9 and 35.3, 40.1; myocardium, 30.9 and 28.9; kidneys 34.7 and 39.6; liver 73.7 and 82.4; fat 18.5 and 16.5; brain 48.6 and 20.9. For case 1 and 2, respectively, blood trazodone concentrations in 10 initial autopsy samples ranged from 13.7-17.3 and 14.4-16.9 micrograms/ml. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours later the respective ranges were 12.8-18.0 and 12.4-19.9 for case 1, 12.5-20.1 and 12.7-27.0 for case 2. By contrast, for trimipramine, blood concentrations at 0 time, 24 h and 48 hours ranged from 5.5-11.4, 5.2-14.3, and 4.2-18.2, respectively. We conclude that trazodone shows little preferential concentration in solid organs and consequently has relatively stable post-mortem blood concentrations with little drug redistribution artefact. Both the clinical pharmacokinetics and post-mortem toxicokinetics of trazodone differ significantly from the tricyclic anti-depressants.     

Regime Change and Property Rights Consciousness in Postcommunist Romania

This article analyzes rights consciousness as distinct from legal consciousness, and uses the post‐1989 housing restitution in Romania to study property rights consciousness as a type of rights consciousness. I argue that property rights consciousness is only partially an outcome of state power and the political regime, and that rights consciousness more generally must be explicitly analyzed beyond formal rights, legal mobilization, and litigation. I explore sources of rights consciousness for former owners and their heirs, state tenants, and lawyers. Sources of rights consciousness include state policies under distinct property regimes, value systems and ideologies, history, identity, practices, supranational actors, and expectations of what rights can deliver. I find clear distinctions between legal and rights consciousness, as well as variations between and within the groups. The article is based on extensive archival research, interviews conducted in the city of Timi?oara, Romania, textbooks, academic articles, and court decisions pre‐ and post‐1989.     

把证据学打造成全人类的科学──三论实质证据观

事实是一切学科的对象。事实不是陈述、命题、描述和断定。事实是指客观外界存在或不存在、发生或未发生的全部情况和过程。事实可分为如下类型：一、静态事实和动态事实;二、积极事实和消极事实;三、自然事实和人为事实;四、历史事实和当前事实。事实有四大功能,即认识的基础、证明的根据、检验的标准、思想的指南。事实有两重属性：一为客观性;二为关联性。证据也有两重属性。证据的客观性指的还是事实的客观性,证据的关联性指的也还是事实的关联性。可见,事实就是证据。事实有四大功能,证据自然也有四大功能。证据不限于司法工作需要,全人类都需要。因此,要把证据学打造成全人类的科学。     

法律事实的意义辨析

民法学通常将法律事实作为引致法律关系得丧变更的具体事实。但该定位隐含着表达与所指的错位，并缺失立法视角的审视，其法律意义还容易被常识所覆盖。要修正这些不当，宜从立法视角出发，以规范为定位点，法律事实因此可一般化为与法律效果对应的构成要件，即在特定功能引导下经由专业逻辑安排而形成的格式化社会现实的规范工具，同时又能具体化为构成要件中的构造要素。它们的关系错综而有序，反映了民法的体系性。以规范面目出现的法律事实是法律理念与现实的对应与调适，在适用中还要与个案的具体事实再次对应与调适。法律事实由此充满互动的张力，同时也使民法学有了多元的知识资源。但无论如何，法律事实并非具体事实。     

Social Justice and the Human–Environment Relationship: Common Systemic, Ideological, and Psychological Roots and Processes

Historical analyses and contemporary social psychological research demonstrate that prevailing systems, institutions, and practices espouse an ideology of conflict between humans and the natural world. The established paradigm of society espouses domination of and separation from the natural environment, and manifests in environmentally detrimental attitudes and practices. Ecological exploitation appears to stem from the same root socioeconomic processes as social injustice—the hierarchical arrangement of power which places some groups and the environment in a position devoid of power or rights. Accordingly, endorsement of social and environmental injustice is exacerbated by tendencies toward domination and hierarchy, such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Moreover, injustice is perpetuated by motivation to uphold and justify social structures and the dominant paradigm, which stifles societal change toward intergroup fairness and equality and motivates denial and neglect in the face of environmental problems. Ideological tendencies in service of the system, including political conservatism, belief in a just world, and free market ideology, contribute toward perpetuating injustice as well as anti-environmental sentiment and behavior. Considering the shared psychological and ideological underpinnings of social and environmental injustice point to important interventions, such as cultivating interdependence through contact, fostering inclusive representations, and harnessing ideological motives toward overcoming resistance to change, and carry implications for expanding the scope of justice theory, research, and practice.     

Democratic accountability and the changing European political order

This article is about democratic accountability and a Europe struggling to find viable answers to the questions of who and what shall constitute “Europe” and how to develop legitimate political institutions for governing it. The article is, nevertheless, first and foremost about political order and change, rules for living together, the role of democratic politics in society and the relations between political organization and civilized coexistence, and the study of the political. Modern democracies live with unresolved conflict, and accountability regimes are part of an institutional arrangement for preserving order and continuity and also for creating dynamics and change. Accountability processes take place within settled and unsettled orders, and they affect and are affected by existing orders. Without denying the importance of contending interests, power struggles, strategic behaviour, non‐cooperative games, and (re)distributional battles, attention is directed towards the search for unity, political cohesion and solidarity based upon the informed voluntary consent of the people through reflection and reasoned deliberation among individuals with different values, interests, understandings and resources.     

THE BOOK SHELF

Books Reviewed in this Article: 1. Ard, Ben, and Constance Ard. Handbook of Marriage Counseling . 2. Bird, Joseph and Lois. Marriage Is for Grownups . 3. Blanck, Rubin, and Gertrude. Marriage and Personal Development . 4. Buhler, Dr. Charlotte. Psychology for Contemporary Living . 5. Harkel, Robert L. The Pictue Book of Sexual Love . 6. Harris, Thomas S., M.D. I'm O.K. - You're O.K. 7. Lobaenz, Norman M., and Clark W. Blackbum. How to Stay Married . 8. Pollak, Otto, and Alfred S. Friedman. Family Dynamics and Female Sexual Delinquency . 9. Singer, Jane Shenod. What You Should Know about Yourself . 10. Stein, Calvert, M.D., LL.B. Practical Family and Marriage Counseling . 11. Winter, William D., and Antonio J. Ferreira. Research in Family Interaction .     

Victimization and perpetration among perinatal substance abusers

This study examined associations between demographic, psychiatric, substance abuse, and childhood abuse variables and past 30-day victimization and perpetration among 77 perinatal substance abusers. Victimization rates were 70% emotional, 34% physical, 29% sexual, and 42% personal freedom violations. For perpetration, incidence was 71% emotional, 25% physical, 5% sexual, and 9% personal freedom violations. Through univariate regression, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) psychiatric and drug composite scores, childhood physical abuse, borderline personality disorder (BPD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found to significantly predict victimization. In contrast, ASI psychiatric and drug composite scores, BPD, PTSD, and aggressive-sadistic and antisocial personality disorders were found to significantly predict perpetration. In multiple regression models, ASI drug and psychiatric composite scores accounted for the majority of the variance for both victimization and perpetration, suggesting that women with high ASI scores should be queried about their involvement in abusive acts at time of admission to drug treatment.     

Protecting democracy: a parsimonious,dynamic and heuristic model of controlling crimes by the powerful*

Crimes of the powerful (i.e. corporations, elites, organized crime groups, states, white collar criminals, etc.) have numerous devastating effects. That is why, over the centuries, some philosophers and political theorists - and more recently some constitutional experts, and selected social scientists - have proposed and analyzed the best ways to deter, minimize, prevent, regulate, and hereafter control large powerful interests. Not all powerful actors, however, are equally dangerous nor does this threat remain constant. Moreover, not all methods of control work for all entities. In order to better understand this process, one must determine a number of things including: which powerful actor is currently the most dangerous/harmful, where controls do not exist and/or do not function well, and which controls work best and in which particular setting. To achieve this goal, scholarship in diverse fields need to be integrated, with specific reference to the challenges and problems that have arisen and the solutions that have been proposed. To this end, this article develops a parsimonious but dynamic and heuristic model, consisting of a number of interconnected factors, to depict the process of controlling crimes by the powerful.     

论互联网平台反垄断的宏观定位——基于政治、政策和法律的分析

反垄断法的定位取决于其独特的价值、目标和功能。反垄断法自始即具有重大的政治经济使命,可以成为有着宏大价值目标和强大经济调整功能的"超级法"。互联网产业在资本、技术和商业模式上的独特性,使平台易于触角广泛和无序扩张,具有反垄断的高关联度。互联网平台反垄断首先要在宏观价值上拓展思路和提高站位,又要积极寻求恰当的法律和经济的技术性路径。我国互联网平台反垄断不能轻言和盲从当今美欧的表面趋势,不汲汲于引领潮流和贡献经验,趋势之下可能掩盖着不同的利益诉求,而要一切服从和服务于我国数字经济的实质性发展利益,既要及时、积极和到位,又要适时、适度和谦抑,并始终以促进我国互联网产业创新发展和提升国际竞争力为目标。互联网平台反垄断应当坚持法治进路,构建相应的规则体系,并确保客观、中立和理性,防止非理性和情绪化。