Islam embedded: Religion and plurality in Southeast Asia as a mirror for Europe

This essay is a brief introductory survey of some fundamental aspects of Islam in Southeast Asia, particularly, within the maritime Malay-Muslim world. Ethnic, linguistic and cultural variation is the norm in the region. In addition, the region is heir to Hindu and Buddhist traditions and also to three European colonial systems of government and administration (Portuguese, Dutch and British). Islam is but one amongst all these. In some aspects of life it has been considerably reformulated by them. Thus to understand Islam in Southeast Asia one must begin with data from the area than with some Middle-Eastern and theological formulation of Islam. But we have to recognize that Islam is a universalistic theology originating from the Arabic Middle East. Therefore, a more informed analysis and understanding of Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia and their contemporary articulations must be ‘embedded’ in the historical reality of both the plurality and plural society templates that become the ‘moulds’ of social life in the region. Similarly, to understand contemporary Islam and Muslims in Europe, its ‘embedization processes’, both breadth and depth, have to be understood historically and sociologically.     

中日两国对东南亚基础设施投资的竞合及影响研究

在21世纪第二个十年,中国与日本在对东南亚基础设施投资方面展开激烈竞争和初步合作.相对而言,在甄选东南亚基础设施项目进行投资过程中,中国更加追求地缘政治目标,日本则凸显了浓重的重商主义色彩,这在某种程度上缓解了双方的直接竞争.在对东南亚基础设施投资中,中国更多地运用了一种政府驱动、需求引导、自上而下的方法,日本则主要采取了市场驱动、私营部门大力参与、自下而上的方法,这瓦解了双方合作的基础.目前,中国与日本对东南亚基础设施投资的合作只在第三方市场少量地展开.中日两国在东南亚基础设施投资方面的竞争是双方争夺地区影响力的一部分.但是,中国与日本在东南亚各国的基础设施投资竞争并不会造成东盟内部的分裂,相反,考虑到基础设施建设的非流动性,这必将造福于东南亚人民.     

二战后东南亚华侨华人认同的变化

二战后,迫于国际国内大背景的压力,东南亚大多数华侨不得不自身调整,开始了自身身份认同的激烈变化。这主要体现在民族(当地)认同、文化认同与族群认同等方面。其中,民族(当地)认同是二战后东南亚华侨华人认同的最根本变化。     

Betwixt balance and community: America, ASEAN, and the security of Southeast Asia

Realist scholars have long claimed, not incorrectly, that aUS-led balance of power is fundamental to the security and prosperityof Southeast Asia. Yet the Southeast Asian experience has alsobeen one where multilateral security dialogue and regional communityformation figure prominently. In contrast to views which exaggeratethe importance of US preponderance in Southeast Asia whilstdismissing regional multilateral efforts, we offer seven argumentsagainst any undue overstatement of the US contribution to regionalpeace and stability. If anything, a historically ambivalentUS presence contributed to ASEAN's emergence as a mechanismof regional diplomacy. Such ambivalence is no longer feasiblesince 9/11. However, Washington's current engagement in SoutheastAsia should focus on revitalizing regional multilateralism.Our claim is not that the region's security is due to ASEANregionalism rather than US strategic dominance. We argue insteadthat absent the region's fluency with ‘soft’ multilateralism,Southeast Asia's security would probably have been far worse.

SoutheastAsians are more acutely aware of the uncertainties of U.S. policiesthan other regions of the world. They remember the Americanretrenchment in the 1970s followed by a decade of self-doubt.Hence ASEAN countries drew towards each other to seek greaterstrength in self-reliance. They found that together in ASEAN,they could better overcome their problems; but they still needthe United States to balance the strength of the Soviet shipsand aircraft. The renewal of self-confidence in America hasreassured us that America will help maintain the peace and stabilityof the region. It is this balance of power which has enabledthe free market economies to thrive. – Lee Kuan Yew¹

     

2004年的东南亚形势

2004年,东盟各国政坛发生较大变化,经济上复苏形势整体较好,自身一体化建设速度则落后于地区间合作,与世界主要国家和组织关系进一步加深。一、地区政治发生较大变动2004年是东盟国家政治发展变化较大的一年,但政局总体保持稳定。(一)老成员国形成新一代领导群。马来西亚于2004年5月、菲律宾于6月、印尼于7月和9月(先后两轮)举行大选。阿卜杜拉·巴达维当选马总理,阿罗约连任菲总统,苏西洛当选印尼总统。7月,新加坡副总理李显龙接替吴作栋出任总理。再加上2001年当选泰国总理的他信,东盟老成员国完成了新老领导人的平稳交替。这其中有两点值…     

区域化整合的文化型经济：中国与东南亚变动关系中的种族和资本因素

本文探究东南亚各国华人在变化的更大区域中所起的作用。本文从文化和经济的理论视角来审慎地评价文化主义的观点,认为不应通过幼稚的文化主义公式化,而是可以通过探究在当代资本主义形成过程中各种经济、政治、文化和社会因素的相互影响和相互渗透,来获得比较正确的认识。     

保护东南亚的文化多样性：东南亚的人类口头非物质遗产

东南亚地区是世界知名的人类文化多样性的宝库，在全球化时代，保护本土民俗文化、民族传统的传承和发展成为了紧迫的任务。21世纪，联合国教科文组织把东南亚地区的9项非物质文化列入了“人类口头非物质遗产代表作”名录。本文首先梳理了“口头非物质遗产”这一文化概念的定义，以及其中的社会话语内涵；然后把入选的9项代表作进行分类归纳，探讨它们的特点；最后分析了这些代表作在文化多样性保护中面临的问题和相应的保护行动。     

The climate and energy security implications of coal demand and supply in Asia and Europe

The importance of the coal sector is often overlooked by the media when reviewing global energy. This is despite both its importance in many emerging economies and its impact on climate change. The current status and projections for coal use in Asia and Europe vary considerably. In Asia, growth in demand and availability of coal is resulting in its accelerated use. However, despite investment, production cannot keep up with demand, and coal trade in Asia is increasingly affecting international markets. In Europe, the environmental impacts of coal use, particularly CO₂ but also particulates, are accelerating the closure of many power stations and delaying new build. Consequently, in most countries its contribution is set to decrease. However, some countries are planning new, large coal stations and are increasing operation prior to closure of some existing stations. The continued use of fossil fuels, especially coal, is resulting in emission levels that in the short term will exceed the internationally agreed climate protection objectives. Therefore, Europe and Asia need to accelerate their co-operation in developing carbon capture and storage and other new technologies and policies in order to minimise the emissions to the greatest extent possible.     

东南亚安全区域主义:历史与现实

针对国际关系学界新兴的安全区域主义研究,本文提出一种综合的“理论框架”,即安全区域主义(securityregionalism)进程是一个从已启动区域化的“安全复合体”开始,经由“安全机制”(区域安全合作),最后到“安全共同体”(区域一体化)的变化的“安全连续统一体”;它涉及国家、区域政府组织、公民社会组织和市场组织等多元行为主体。东南亚安全区域主义发展的历史与现实证明了这一分析框架的合理性。     

东南亚的伊斯兰教：现状与特点

伊斯兰教作为一种外来的宗教已在东南亚地区流传了数百年,现在已经成为影响东南亚多数国家政治经济发展、民族团结和社会稳定的重要因素。本文在对东南亚地区伊斯兰教的现状进行扼要介绍的基础上,分别从分布及发展、宗教特色、政治性等方面探讨东南亚地区伊斯兰教的一些内在特点,指出伊斯兰教已经对部分东南亚国家产生了重要的影响,认为现阶段这一地区还没有形成较大规模的伊斯兰运动。     

东南亚伊斯兰势力现状

公元7、8世纪,随着阿拉伯商人来到东南亚海岸,逊尼派伊斯兰教在东南亚传播开来,并成为一些国家的国教。目前东南亚10国都有穆斯林族群,其中在马来西亚、印度尼西亚、文莱属主体族群,在其他国家均为少数族群。随着1979年伊朗发生伊斯兰革命以及80年代初伊斯兰复兴运动在中亚一些国家、尤其是在阿富汗开始立足,对“伊斯兰认同”及其价值观的重新认知与肯定浪潮波及东南亚,于是清真寺、宗教学校和宗教项目如雨后春笋般增多,伊斯兰书刊、报纸有了巨大的需求市场,尤其是马来西亚、印尼、菲律宾、泰国伊斯兰势力不断发展。1997年亚洲金融危机后,这些国家的伊斯兰极端势力更是发     

东南亚海事安全

世界货物贸易的1/3以及1/2的石油运输都要途经马六甲海峡。据统计 ,每年经过海峡的国际商船超过5万艘 ,每天平均140艘 ,而且数字还在上升。恐怖分子很有可能觊觎许多货船上的易燃、易爆、剧毒或污染性物品。这一切引起海运公司、海员及本地区各国政府的极大关注。像中国、日本和韩国 ,它们大部分海运贸易(特别是石油进口)极大地依赖于这些日益拥挤的浅水交通要道 ,因此保证这些要道畅通无阻以及航海安全的重要性不言而喻。屡见不鲜的海盗袭击事件(常见于东南亚海域一带)表明 ,武装分子 ,包括企图利用这些易燃、易爆、剧毒或污染性物品作为武…     

东南亚形势的新变化

2000年:发展不平衡的一年东南亚2000年的局势总体稳定,但呈现政治经济发展不平衡的特点。一方面各国逐步摆脱金融危机,恢复经济增长,积极推动东亚合作;另一方面,东盟国家“西稳东乱”,内部团结尚未恢复,对大国的均势外交加强。(一)政治形势“西稳东乱”越南、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸等西部新成员政府对国内局势控制力增强,政权稳固;而东部老成员如印尼、菲律宾政局则陷入困境,不确定因素增多。越南以总书记黎可漂为首的“稳健派”主导越共政权,正加紧筹备越党“九大”,制定新世纪的发展战略。柬埔寨政局基本稳定,洪森领导的人民党和拉那烈领导的…     

当代东南亚华人社团的发展变化——以泉州籍华人同乡社团为例

东南亚地区历来是海外华人社团集中之地。21世纪50年代以来,随着适应当地国社会和国际环境的变化,东南亚华人社团不断进行自我调适和完善。本文以东南亚泉州籍同乡社团为例,详细分析泉州籍同乡社团出现的发展变化：定位本地化、管理信息化、发展国际化及重视培育青年力量,进而探讨当代东南亚华人社团的普遍发展趋势。     

Southeast Asia: theory between modernization and tradition

This article inquires into the absence of non-western theorizingupon Southeast Asian international relations by positing thatmodernization and its conceptual kin ‘realism’ haveproclaimed themselves as the mainstream in both theoreticaland empirical research. This is as much a product of postcolonialwestern scholarship as it is of indigenous scholarship in reproducingthe former's frameworks. The effect of this Gramscian hegemonyis to marginalize possibilities for non-western internationaltheory. There are nonetheless flickers of hope for a generic‘Southeast Asian contribution’ to theorizing InternationalRelations, inclusive of non-mainstream western scholarship,if one considers the categories of transitional and hybrid scholarship,in addition to historically informed possibilities of a traditionalSoutheast Asian statehood. Received for publication May 16, 2006. Accepted for publication June 27, 2007.     

欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的“欧洲化”

冷战结束后 ,东南欧成为了欧洲最不稳定的地区 ,“巴尔干化”的幽灵再次在欧洲徘徊。科索沃战争后 ,欧洲对于东南欧的战略日渐明晰。巴尔干欧洲化的可能性已经开启 ,欧洲已将巴尔干的欧洲化作为其长期战略的组成部分。本文在对冷战后欧盟与东南欧国家关系的特点进行分析的基础上 ,对于欧盟对东南欧战略的背景及其内容进行了探讨。文章指出在东南欧与欧盟之间存在着巨大的制度鸿沟 ,制度趋同看来是弥合制度鸿沟的惟一出路 ,而要实现制度趋同 ,必须借助于欧洲化的力量。只是因为欧盟提出了稳定与联系进程 ,才使巴尔干国家在黑暗隧道中看到了欧洲化的一线光明。文章最后从欧盟的角度和东南欧的角度对于“欧洲化”的机制进行了探讨     

东南亚反恐与地区形势

恐怖活动是当前破坏东南亚稳定的重要因素,东南亚成为国际反恐的新焦点。由于反恐涉及民族、宗教问题及东南亚政治的敏感性,东南亚国家反对美国的军事介入,美国参与东南亚反恐主要依靠当地国政府。但美国也调整东南亚政策,利用反恐加强在这一地区的存在和影响。反恐将促进地区国际合作,也使地区形势酝酿新的变化。     

Economic and Security Interests in Southeast Asia

Despite worries that ASEAN is becoming weak, the organization remains as strong as it ever was, given the parameters of its design. Its member countries still tightly embrace the organization's principles, the “ASEAN way.” But simple adherence to those principles can be problematic. ASEAN countries, whose national economic and political interests collide, often appeal to the same principles to back their positions. That tends to pull ASEAN in different directions. Great power policies, particularly those of China and the United States, now exacerbate the situation. At the same time, ASEAN's reliance on multilateral consensus has made it difficult to reconcile real differences among its member countries or develop unified regional responses. That can be seen in issues from the Xayaburi dam on the Mekong River to the South China Sea. The ease with which ASEAN's principles can come into conflict and its consensus-driven decision- making can become deadlocked clearly marks the limits of the “ASEAN way.”