单亲亲子鉴定及其法律问题思考--附275例单亲鉴定分析

目的探讨单亲鉴定及其有关的法律及社会问题. 方法对1998年1月至2002年12月275例单亲鉴定进行回顾分析,对案例的数量、来源、鉴定事由、鉴定结论等作统计分析. 结果单亲鉴定近3年明显增多,占亲子鉴定总数的三成.案例来源以自诉为主,占95.27%.鉴定事由中,怀疑妻子有婚外性关系为主 ,占88.36%.275例单亲鉴定中,排除亲生关系39例,占14.18%.结果表明,非婚生子女只占少数. 结论自诉单亲鉴定存在法律盲区,但在维护家庭稳定具有一定作用.受理单亲鉴定宜取慎重态度,有关的社会及法律问题需要解决.     

Increased risk of suicide with exposure to pesticides in an intensive agricultural area. A 12-year retrospective study

Several reports have suggested that exposure to agricultural pesticides (mainly chronic exposure to organophosphates) produces depression, and depression is a major risk factor for suicide. A retrospective epidemiological study of 251 suicide cases was undertaken to explore the possible relationship between the high suicide rates in an intensive agricultural area, and a specific group of population at risk, namely farmers with chronic exposure to pesticides, who are at risk to develop mood disorders (mainly depression). Our data show that the suicide rate in that area is significantly higher than the suicide rates from other geographic areas with very similar socioeconomic and demographic features. In addition, the mortality from suicide in this population (farmers) does differ significantly from that of the rest of the population.     

Incidence of familial hypercholesterolaemia in premature deaths due to coronary heart disease

Cholesterol estimations were performed on blood collected postmortem from a group of subjects coming to autopsy and showing that they had had a high risk for hypercholesterolaemia, and from an unselected group of subjects dying in hospital. Subjects from the first group had apparently been healthy, aged less than 45 years, had had no known risk factors for hyperlipidaemia, and showed extensive coronary artery atheroma (stenosis greater than 50% by diameter). Eleven cases from 485 consecutive autopsies fulfilled these criteria; three showed considerable hypercholesterolaemia (11.2, 11.8, and 21.6 mmol/L). Family studies confirmed the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia in one case; the other two remain unproven. Cholesterol measurement by cholesterol oxidase and quinoneimine dye production is subject to interference by haemolysis; provided that serum haemoglobin is less than 200 mg/dl, the cholesterol underestimate is less than 5%. The decline in serum cholesterol in the group of unselected subjects was 1.7 (0.3-4.9) mmol/L, 50.4 (28-84) h postmortem. Results are means and ranges for seven subjects. Measurement of cholesterol in serum obtained postmortem (provided that the sample is not grossly haemolysed) is a valid approximation of antemortem levels: this measurement should be made when autopsy reveals evidence of premature coronary heart disease. If hypercholesterolaemia is discovered, the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia, a common genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, should be considered and appropriate family studies instituted.     

Myocardial Cx43 expression in the cases of sudden death due to dilated cardiomyopathy

PURPOSE: Probing into myocardial connexin (Cx) 43 expression in the cases of sudden death due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and relationship between Cx43 expression and sudden death. METHOD: Myocardial Cx43 was detected with immunohistochemical staining in the cases of 11 sudden death caused by DCM and 14 cases of control group who died of violent reasons and other diseases, which were autopsied in our department from 1997 to 2003. RESULT: Of 11 cases of DCM, there were 10 men and 1 woman with ranging in age from 7 to 49 years old (x (37.8) years old for 9 adult cases). Of 14 cases in the control group, there were 10 men and 4 women with ranging in age from 11 to 53 years old (x (29.9) years old for 11 adult cases). Myocardial Cx43 expression was obviously decreased in DCM group. Positive dyeing spots were different in size, distribution, color and disparity, some of them were distributed in the form of particle. Obvious change had not been observed in the cases of control group or with only slight changes in coloring degree and expressive area. The quantitative data showed that there was significant difference between two groups (p=0.0075) about Cx43 expressive area, but there was no difference between the left and right ventricles (p>0.05) in each group itself. And there was not difference between the two groups about average optical density of expression. CONCLUSION: Myocardial Cx43 expression is obviously reduced in the patients with DCM who die suddenly. The alteration of quantity and distribution of myocardial Cx43 expression is probably related to sudden death of the patients with DCM.     

The danger assessment: validation of a lethality risk assessment instrument for intimate partner femicide

The Danger Assessment (DA) is an instrument designed to assess the likelihood of lethality or near lethality occurring in a case of intimate partner violence. This article describes the development, psychometric validation, and suggestions for use of the DA. An 11-city study of intimate partner femicide used multivariate analysis to test the predictive validity of the risk factors on the DA from intimate partner femicide cases (N = 310) compared with 324 abused women in the same cities (controls). The results were used to revise the DA (four items added; one "double-barreled" item divided into two), and the calculated weights (adjusted odds ratios) used to develop a scoring algorithm with levels of risk. These levels of risk were then tested with an independent sample of attempted femicides (N = 194) with a final outcome of .90 of the cases included in the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.     

Interpersonal Problems as a Mediator between Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence

Although attachment and interpersonal problems are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), their interrelationship in predicting IPV has not been examined. The present study examined whether hostile dominant interpersonal problems (i.e., domineering, vindictive, and intrusive) mediate the relationship between attachment (anxious and avoidant) and IPV (violence severity and psychological aggression) in a sample 100 partner violent men. Several meditational analyses were conducted based on Baron and Kenny’s (1986) model for mediation, including the bootstrap analysis of the sampling distribution of the indirect effect. Significant results indicated that (a) hostile dominant interpersonal problems mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment and violence severity, and (b) hostile dominant interpersonal problems mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment and psychological aggression. Hostile dominant interpersonal problems did not mediate the relationship between anxious attachment and violence severity or psychological aggression. Implications of the findings for the treatment of IPV are discussed.     

冠心病猝死心肌肌动蛋白缺失的免疫组织化学定量研究

应用免疫组织化学LSAB法和图像处理系统，对德国慕尼黑大学法医学研究所1994年尸检冠心病猝死和对照组病例（各15例）的心肌肌动蛋白缺失情况进行定量研究。发现冠心病猝死病例心肌纤维内有明显的肌动蛋白缺失，是大小不一，多发、散在分布；对照组无或仅局限性小灶状缺失。将检测结果定量分析比较，其差异非常显著，说明重度冠状动脉粥样硬化患者是否冠心病猝死，其心肌肌动蛋白缺失的范围和程度有明显差异，冠心病猝死和对照组病例心肌肌动蛋白缺失的差异具有诊断意义，而形态定量分析能较客观准确地反映心肌纤维内肌动蛋白缺失量的变化。     

An epidemiological study on alcohol/drugs related fatal traffic crash cases of deceased drivers in Hong Kong between 1996 and 2000

This study is designed to evaluate the correlation between fatal vehicle crashes (FVC) and consumption of alcohol and/or drugs among drivers. Between 1996 and 2000 in Hong Kong, a total of 197 FVC cases of deceased drivers were investigated. The blood and/or urine samples of the victims were examined for the presence of alcohol and drugs. The 197 cases were then classified into two groups: single-vehicle crashes (SVC) and multiple-vehicle crashes (MVC). Out of the 106 cases for the latter group, alcohol and/or drugs were detected in 22 cases (21%) while the remaining 84 cases (79%) were regarded as no significant finding. As for the 91 cases in SVC group, 51 cases (56%) were positive for alcohol and/or drugs. The findings indicate that a driver consuming alcohol and/or drugs has a higher risk of being involved in a FVC. The most frequently detected drugs for SVC group (11 cases) were: 46% central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (including designer drugs like MDMA); 36% cannabis; 18% benzodiazepines and 9% ketamine. The detected drug for the only case in the MVC group was a CNS stimulant. The number of cases with ketamine, methamphetamine and MDMA detected has increased in recent years as these party drugs have gained popularity in Hong Kong.     

A Preliminary Report of Psychiatric Diagnoses in a Scottish County Sample of Persons of National Security Concern

Increasing anecdotal, empirical, and research evidence indicates mental disorder history is one of the several factors associated with increased risk of involvement in lone-actor terrorist activities. Currently, few studies have been conducted on the mental disorder histories of individuals assessed as at risk of involvement in terrorist activities (Meloy, J Threat Assess Manag 2019;6:93). This pilot study describes demographic, psychiatric, and criminal characteristics of a sample of Scottish individuals identified by the Prevent element of the U.K. national counterterrorism strategy, and outcome data after follow-up at 2 years. Twenty-three individuals were referred to Prevent as posing a national security risk from a county in Scotland. Their records were studied for psychiatric and criminal histories. Nine (39%) had previous psychiatric contact, all were “lone actors”, and none were embedded with organized terrorist groups. The most common diagnoses were substance use disorder, personality disorder, depression, and psychotic disorder. The sample displayed factors associated with increased risk of violence including previous offending, early behavioral difficulties, school problems, substance misuse, cluster B personality disordered traits. After 2 years, 44% of the mentally disordered group had re-offended. The offense types were generally similar to those prior to the individual being involved with the Prevent counter terrorism program. Only one of the mentally disordered group committed a further national security offense. In this sample, mental disorder history is overrepresented in individuals who come to the attention of the U.K. Prevent counter terrorism strategy. Further empirical studies with additional power are required to develop the empirical evidence base in this under-researched area.     

青壮年猝死综合征心肌肌红蛋白缺失的免疫组化研究

作者应用免疫组比技术（ＡＢＣ）对青壮年淬死综合征及对照组病例的心肌肌红：蛋白缺失情况进行了研究，并经扫描显微镜光度计测量分析，结果发现青壮年猝死综合征组心肌肉肌红蛋白均有不同程度的缺失，多数病例呈多发、散在、节段性分布，而对照组无明显缺失。认为这种多发、散在、节段性的肌红蛋白缺失与其仅有不同程度的心肌缺血而未出现大片心肌梗死有关，而这种不同程度的心肌缺血很可能为冠状动脉痉挛所致。     

Hepatitis in drug poisonings

In the period between 1983 and 1987 autopsies were carried out on 120 drug victims at the Institute for Forensic Medicine in Hamburg, and 93 cases were serologically tested for hepatitis B. It was found that 50 cases (54%) were positive for anti-HBc, 39 (42%) for anti-HBs, and 5 cases (5%) for HBsAg. The prevalence of hepatitis-B-virus markers was dependent upon the age of the victims. In 81% inflammatory alterations of the liver (including unspecific reactive hepatitis) were diagnosed histologically. The pathogenesis of these serological and pathomorphological findings is discussed. Drug addicts are a group at risk for hepatitis B, and it can spread on account of the epidemiological connection with other risk groups, e.g., prostitutes and homosexuals. Postmortem serological investigations for hepatitis markers proved to be a well-established and reproducible means of differentiating histopathological liver alterations.     

Evaluation of Postmortem Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B Protein and Serotonin Levels: Comparison of Suicidal Versus Nonsuicidal Deaths in Konya,Turkey

Although suicide is a preventable public health problem, objective assays for suicide risk are limited. In this study, it was aimed to determine levels of S100B protein and serotonin as a marker for risk of suicide. S100B protein and serotonin levels were investigated with ELISA method in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in medicolegal autopsy cases, including those of suicide cases (n = 32) and nonsuicide cases (n = 56). The CSF S100B levels were higher (9.3 ± 2.9 ng/mL vs. 5.4 ± 2.0 ng/mL), and serotonin levels were lower (10.4 ± 4.9 ng/mL vs. 19.0 ± 5.7 ng/mL) in suicide group than nonsuicide group (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between S100B protein and serotonin levels with gender, age groups, postmortem interval, and cause of death. It is concluded that both S100B protein and serotonin in CSF may be useful for determination of suicide risk.     

Understanding how sexual offenders compare across psychiatric and correctional settings: examination of Canadian mentally ill sexual offenders

Abstract

Much of what is known about sexual offenders is based on correctional samples and then applied across settings based on the assumption that this group is homogeneous. In this study, 149 files were compared, including 108 cases from the forensic mental health system (FMH) and 41 cases from the correctional system (COR). Although many similarities were observed between the FMH and COR groups, the results also revealed important differences. The FMH group was characterised by more frequent hospitalisations, higher rates of major mental illness and single status. The COR group was characterised by a history of physical and sexual abuse, family history of addictions, more intrusive sexual offences and higher rates of offending. These results highlight different profiles for sexual offenders in forensic mental health and correctional settings and challenge us to consider the implications for assessment, treatment and risk management of this unique group of sexual offenders.     

Undetected and detected child sexual abuse and child pornography offenders

Current knowledge about risk factors for child sexual abuse and child pornography offenses is based on samples of convicted offenders, i.e., detected offenders. Only few studies focus on offenders not detected by the criminal justice system. In this study, a sample of 345 self-referred pedophiles and hebephiles was recruited from the community. All participants met DSM-IV-TR criteria for pedophilia or hebephilia (paraphilia not otherwise specified), were assured of confidentiality, and self-reported lifetime sexual offending against prepubescent and/or pubescent children. Two sets of group comparisons were conducted on self-report data of risk factors for sexual reoffending. Measures of risk factors address the following dimensions identified in samples of convicted offenders: sexual preferences (i.e. co-occurring paraphilias), sexual self-regulation problems, offense-supportive cognitions, diverse socio-affective deficits, and indicators of social functioning (e.g., education, employment). Men who admitted current or previous investigation or conviction by legal authorities (detected offenders) were compared with those who denied any detection for their sexual offenses against children (undetected offenders). Group comparisons (detected vs. undetected) were further conducted for each offense type separately (child pornography only offenders, child sexual abuse only offenders, mixed offenders). Although there were more similarities between undetected and detected offenders, selected measures of sexual-self regulation problems, socio-affective deficits, and social functioning data demonstrated group differences.     

Risk Factors for Family Abduction: Demographic and Family Interaction Characteristics

Previous research in the study of family abduction has been plagued by three problems in efforts to establish risk factors for the experience of these events: (1) failure to use appropriate comparison groups; (2) focus on only the most severe cases of abduction, without consideration of the full spectrum of these events; and (3) use of data drawn only from some “reported” source (i.e., police, court, or missing children agency reports). This paper addresses these three methodological difficulties, using data drawn from a national sample of families, and including both abducted and nonabducted children. We find that race, age of children, family size, and incidence of violence in the family all appear to bear on the risk of experiencing a family abduction event. Further, recency of divorce or separation appears to be associated with the risk for more serious or alarming cases of family abduction.     

How Do Police Respond to Stalking? An Examination of the Risk Management Strategies and Tactics Used in a Specialized Anti-Stalking Law Enforcement Unit

How do police respond to and manage complaints of stalking? To answer this question, we conducted a 3-phase study. First, we reviewed the literature to identify risk management tactics used to combat stalking. Second, we asked a group of police officers to review those tactics for completeness and group them into categories reflecting more general risk management strategies. The result was 22 categories of strategies. Finally, we used qualitative methods to evaluate the files of 32 cases referred to the specialized anti-stalking unit of a metropolitan police department. We coded specific risk management tactics and strategies used by police. Results indicated that a median number of 19 specific tactics from 7 general strategies were used to manage risk. Also, the implementation of strategies and tactics reflected specific characteristics of the cases (e.g., perpetrator risk factors, victim vulnerability factors), suggesting that the risk management decisions made by police were indeed strategic in nature. Qualitative analyses indicated that some of the strategies and tactics were more effective than others. We discuss how these findings can be used to understand and use stalking risk management more generally, as well as improve research on the efficacy of risk assessment and management for stalking.     

Vulnerability Factors among Women Victimized by Intimate Partner Violence and the Presence of Children

This study aimed to a) examine the presence of children in relation to victim vulnerability factors and assessed risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) re-victimization, and b) examine the police response, in terms of risk management, in IPV cases with and without children, respectively. Data from a sample of 1407 women who had reported IPV victimization to the Swedish police was analyzed. The material consisted of risk assessments conducted by the police using the Swedish version of the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) checklist, as well as the recommended risk management strategies. A series of chi-square tests of independence revealed that women with and without children, respectively, displayed different vulnerability factors to different extents. Women with children expressed more extreme fear of the perpetrator and were more likely to have an unsafe living situation, whereas women without children displayed more inconsistent attitudes or behaviors and health problems. However, binary logistic regression analyses showed that the victim vulnerability factors that were most strongly associated with an elevated risk rating for IPV re-victimization were generally the same for both groups of victims. Finally, the presence of children was related to a higher risk rating for imminent IPV re-victimization and to recommendations of more than standard levels of risk management strategies. The results indicate that the Swedish police consider the presence of children in relation to a victim’s risk for re-victimization as well as in terms of recommended risk management strategies.

     

Intimate partner violence and alcohol problems in interethnic and intraethnic couples

Despite the growing number of interethnic marriages in the United States, few studies have examined intimate partner violence (IPV) in interethnic couples. This article examined past-year occurrences of IPV across interethnic and intraethnic couples and tested correlates of IPV specifically in interethnic couples. Data were from a national survey of couples 18 years of age and older from the 48 contiguous states. Interethnic couples (n = 116) included partners from different ethnic backgrounds, including Black-White, Hispanic-White, and Black-Hispanic couples. White (n = 555), Black (n = 358), and Hispanic (n = 527) intraethnic couples included partners with the same ethnicity. Data analyses were prevalence rates and logistic regressions. The analysis showed that interethnic couples were comparatively younger and had shorter relationships than intraethnic White, Black, and Hispanic couples. Male partners in interethnic couples had higher rates of binge drinking and alcohol problems compared with male partners in intraethnic couples. Past-year prevalence rates for any occurrence of IPV and acts of severe IPV were higher for interethnic couples relative to intraethnic couples. Most occurrences of IPV for interethnic couples were mutual. Factors predicting IPV among interethnic couples included marital status, couples' age, male alcohol problems, and female impulsivity. Mounting evidence points to interethnic couples as a high-risk group for IPV. Interethnic couples may be at greater risk for IPV because of their younger age, binge drinking, and alcohol problems. Future research could build on this study by examining cohort effects and regional differences in IPV for interethnic couples and the risk for IPV across interethnic couples of different ethnic compositions.     

Risk Factors Associated with the Chronicity of High Potential for Child Abuse and Neglect

The present 4-year follow-up study involves 56 mothers who were evaluated by social agencies as being abusive and neglectful or at high risk for child abuse and neglect. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between psychosocial risk factors (relating to the history and current situation of the mothers) that were present at the time the families were initially recruited and the fact that some of the mothers continue to show a high potential for child abuse and neglect (chronic abuse and neglect), whereas others were able to overcome the problem (transitory abuse and neglect). Results indicate that the following variables are particularly associated with situations involving chronic problems of abuse and neglect: initial level of severity of potential for abuse and neglect; dual-parent status; a large number of children at the time of intervention (3.13 times more risk of chronicity for large families); the fact that as a child the mother herself had been placed in a foster home (3.7 times more risk); that she had been sexually abused (3.5 times more risk); and that as an adolescent she had run away from home (3.02 times more risk). Our results indicate that mothers who have a combination of more than eight risk factors are four times more likely to be in the chronic group.     

心肌病猝死者心肌连接蛋白43的免疫组化染色观察

目的探讨心肌病猝死者心肌连接蛋白43(Cx43)染色变化及其与猝死的关系。方法运用免疫组化和图像分析技术,分2组(A和B组)检测20例心肌病猝死者心室肌的Cx43染色情况;并与14例非心肌病猝死者(C组)的检测结果对照。结果扩张型心肌病(DCM)猝死组(A组,11例)心肌Cx43染色明显减弱,阳性着色斑点大小不等、深浅不一、分布不均,有的呈散在颗粒状;其它类型的心肌病猝死组(B组,9例)亦见类似变化;非心肌病猝死的对照组(C组,14例)未见明显变化。定量检测并经统计分析发现,Cx43蛋白染色阳性的面积,A组与B组和C组的差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01),B组与C组的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);而平均光密度各组之间的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论心肌病猝死者心肌Cx43免疫组化染色明显减弱,尤以扩张型心肌病明显;心肌病猝死者心肌Cx43变化可能与其猝死有一定关系。