从比较法、法社会学到比较法社会学

摆在读者面前的这本书 ,是多个研究项目的共同成果 ,也是近年来我的学术思想转变过程的记录。一1 996年当我向国家社会科学基金申请《比较法社会学 :框架和方法》这一项目时 ,我的基本思路是 :“是否能通过某些法律指标来衡量不同国家法律制度的发达程度。如果能 ,通过哪些法律指标 ,这些指标之间的关系如何。”大家知道 ,在经济学中经常使用一系列的经济指标 ,如人均国民经济产值 ,人均消耗石油的数量 ,居住在城市的人口占总人口的百分比等来衡量和比较不同国家的经济发达程度、工业化水平和都市化程度。在法学研究中 ,比如我们在衡量和比…     

社会团结中的法律——略论涂尔干社会理论中的法律思想

作为学院派社会学的创始人 ,法国近代社会理论家涂尔干一方面继承了始于孔德的社会学方法 ,另一方面坚持启蒙主义传统 ,试图用规范的社会学方法给予社会整体一个理性主义的解释。     

Gated Communities in Law's Gaze: Material Forms and the Production of a Social Body in Legal Adjudication

This article focuses on the legal geography of gated communities. Sociolegal research has paid comparatively little attention to how specific material forms fare within legal contexts. Drawing on work in legal geography and in science and technology studies, this article isolates judicial decisions that deal with the borders of gated communities from other cases involving private homeowner associations. By focusing on these boundary disputes in which outsiders are excluded from the area, this article finds that courts are resisting the localism presented by gated communities and are instead articulating a social imaginary in which the landscape flows uninterrupted by the exclusionary presence of gates. In contrast to the privatopia literature, this article finds that courts are not complicit in promoting neoliberal visions of community. The social imaginary being developed by courts resists the spatial differentiation of gated communities, producing in its place a thoroughly modern polity in which legal, economic, and political relations flow easily between those inside and outside the gate.     

论国家法与市民社会的默契——对一起“不予行政许可案”的法社会学“凝视”

政府对门头牌匾的行政许可以民间协议为前置条件,这是国家制定法与民间私人协议默契合作的一个新范例。作为一个创新的行政指导模型,其主要的价值和意义在于:具有作为公民参与下之“善法”的优良品质;通过在国家意志和公民意志之间建立双向互动、共同决定的价值整合平台促进社会和谐;促进并提高了公民对其权利实现的实际操作能力;同时也可以有效减少行政管理成本、帮助政府减少抗法事件的产生。这种制度设计成功地克服了经济学中所谓的“信息不对称”问题。该模型对其他类似行政许可事项有全国性参照和指导意义。     

社会信用体系建设的法治之道

当前的社会信用体系建设意在全方位覆盖"政府-市场-社会-司法"领域,其名义上是为提高诚信,实际兼具加强法律实施之意。在政府主导的公私联合动力之下,形成多领域、多层级主体制作大量信用规范的格局,且以"一处失信,处处受限"为政策导向。作为一种制度信用的社会信用体系建设,有其产生功效的积极意义,但也存在有效性边界。更重要的是,以失信惩戒为核心机制之一的社会信用体系建设,违反依法行政原则、尊重保障人权原则、不当联结禁止原则、比例原则、公平原则等法治国原则的现象较多存在,从而造成该工程的合法性危机。为此,有必要对社会信用体系建设重新进行政策定位,合理规范失信惩戒的设定权,要求社会信用规范的制定符合法的一般原则,并确保社会信用规范制定或实施的审查与救济的可得性。由于同社会信用体系建设并行的、正在建设中的法治国本身并不成熟、完善,故声势浩大、错综复杂的社会信用体系建设的规范化将是一个艰难的历程。     

Wiping the Slate Clean: Reforming Scots Law's Approach to Evidence of the Accused's Bad Character

This paper discusses the Scottish Law Commission (SLC)'s Report on Similar Fact Evidence and the Moorov Doctrine, which proposes revolutionary changes to the way in which Scots law deals with evidence of the accused's bad character, including his previous convictions. The article sets these proposals in context by explaining the existing Scots law, and comparing it to the English provisions on bad character evidence contained in the Criminal Justice Act 2003. This comparison reveals similarities between the responses of the two jurisdictions. It is remarkable that the SLC did not consider English law to be a viable model for reform, choosing instead to propose legislation which would simply deem certain pieces of bad character evidence relevant in criminal trials. The second part of the paper explains why these proposals should not be implemented.     

Evaluating Legality: Toward a Cultural Approach to the Study of Law and Social Change

The role of law in social change has been a subject of many academic debates. However, not much attention has been given to the contradictory ways in which activists for social change justify or criticize the use of law. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 25 social justice activists, I analyze the ways in which activists evaluate the role of law in social change. I find that activists invoke three distinct schemas of evaluation: instrumental, political, and cultural. The instrumental schema emphasizes change in the allocation of concrete resources; the political schema views change as the empowerment of marginalized communities; and the cultural schema emphasizes the transformation of assumptions that are shared by all members of society. Each schema provides activists with a particular order of justification that enables them to justify or to criticize the role of law in social change. While the multiplicity of schemas sustains the commonsense notion of law as a means for social change, it also accounts for possible changes in this notion.     

Northern Lights: From Swedish Realism to Sociology of Law

This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with major books that have influenced the authors. Previous contributors include Stewart Macaulay, John Griffith, William Twining, Carol Harlow, Geoffrey Bindman, Harry Arthurs, André‐Jean Arnaud, Alan Hunt, Michael Adler, Lawrence O. Gostin, John P. Heinz, and Roger Brownsword.     

Between the Law: The Unmaking of Empire and Law's Imperial Amnesia

Asian victims of Japanese imperialism have filed lawsuits against the Japanese government and corporations since the 1990s, which became prime sites for redress decades after Japan's defeat in World War II. As this ethnography demonstrates, this process paradoxically exposes a legal lacuna within this emergent transnational legal space, with plaintiffs effectively caught between the law, instead of standing before the law. Exploring this absence of law, I map out a post‐imperial legal space, created through the erasure of imperial and colonial subjects in the legal framework after empire. Between the law is an optic that makes visible uneven legal terrains that embody temporal and spatial disjuncture, rupture, and asymmetry. The role of law in post‐imperial transitions remains underexplored in literatures on transnational law, legal imperialism, postcolonialism, and transitional justice. I demonstrate how, at the intersection of law and economy, post‐imperial reckoning is emerging as a new legal frontier, putting at stake law's imperial amnesia.     

A Strategic Approach to Regulating Unacceptable Forms of Work

Upgrading low‐waged and insecure work is central to contemporary labour and development initiatives, from the UN Sustainable Development Goals to the United Kingdom ‘Taylor Review’. The International Labour Organization's notion of unacceptable forms of work (UFW) is a crucial contribution. Yet the regulatory frameworks that can effectively address UFW are unclear. This article builds on a novel framework ‐ the Multidimensional Model of UFW. Drawing on theoretical literatures at the frontline of regulation scholarship, it proposes a strategic approach to UFW regulation that supports development, acknowledges the constrained resources of low‐income countries, and targets expansive and sustainable effects. Two key concepts are identified: points of leverage and institutional dynamism. Globally‐prominent regulatory frameworks are assessed as a starting point for mapping the strategic approach: the Mathadi Act of Maharashtra, India; Uruguayan domestic work legislation; minimum wages in the global North and South; and United Kingdom regulation of ‘zero‐hours contracts’.     

Beyond Otonomy, or Beyond the Law of Law's Ear

Can the relationship between law and literature be thought in terms of conversation? Can the law still ‘hear’ the voice of a writing that has come before it, yet outside the frame of the ‘hearing’ and the rules of ‘standing’? And when literature speaks, what does it say? Perhaps what the law has always known …     

家产制与中国家庭法律的社会适应——一种“实践的法律社会学”分析

家产制作为一种习惯法,与中国的家庭法律及其社会适应性存在着密切关联。对家产制和家庭法律的研究应该采取"实践的法律社会学"态度,通过经验研究来充分展示转型社会对家庭本身的内在需求,从而在法律制度上对这种社会需求给于正确的回应。考察分家模式的历史变迁,可以发现家产制是处理中国家庭财产分配的根本制度选择。在产权结构上,家产制具有客体上的公有性、主体上的多元性以及主体作用于客体的身份性等三大特征,从而区别于西方所有权制度。这种特殊的家产制度是中国转型社会的内在需求,因为中国农村的城市化是一个长期的过程,而在这个过程中家产制有利于维护家庭的稳定从而有助于城市化的顺利进行;另外一方面,家产制有利于补充国家养老能力的不足从而确保城市家庭的稳定和再生产,提升国家的整体竞争力。然而家庭法律却日益朝着"去家产制"和"私权化"的方向发展,从而丧失社会适应性,不利于家庭和社会的稳定。因此,中国的家庭立法应该回归新的家产制,并以其为中心确立起"发展型家庭法律"体系。     

预算法的理念与中国预算法的完善

在市场经济国家,作为财政法之重要组成部分的预算法,其对于政府财政行为的有效约束、公共财政职能的充分发挥起到了十分重要的作用。但在我国,因现行预算法存在不少缺陷,导致其作用未得到有效发挥,故预算法的修改已被纳入了全国人大的立法规划。但学术界就如何完善预算法却看法不一。我们认为,只有从预算法的理念出发,才能寻求到预算法修改与完善的整体思路。鉴此,拟从三个方面就预算法的理念与中国预算法的完善进行探讨。     

A Social Interactionist Approach to the Victim-Offender Overlap

A social interactionist perspective suggests that violent offenders are frequently victims of violence because of the way they behave, and the way third parties behave during verbal disputes that lead to escalation. We examine to what extent violent offenders are more likely to be victimized because they tend to engage in provocative actions, are less likely to engage in remedial actions, and more likely to be intoxicated, and because third-parties have a greater tendency to encourage aggressive behaviors during disputes involving offenders. Analyses are based on an original situational-level survey of male inmates and men in the community about characteristics of their verbal and violent interpersonal disputes. We examined the extent to which various dispute-related behaviors and third-party actions mediated the relationship between offending and two study outcomes: whether the dispute became violent and whether the antagonist was victimized. Using two measures of violent offender status, we find that violent actors are more likely to engage in verbal aggression during disputes, are less likely to engage in remedial actions, and are more likely to be intoxicated. Third parties are more likely to be present during the disputes of offenders and they tend to encourage escalation. Combined, these situational processes mediate a substantial portion of the relationship between offending and violent victimization. The findings indicate the victim-offender overlap is partly due to the behaviors of offenders and third parties during disputes that significantly increase the risk of conflict escalation.     

经济法与社会法关系的再认识--基于法社会学研究的进路

经济法与社会法的社会学运动表明,二者是在从传统社会转型到现代社会这一重大社会变迁过程中同期产生的两个法部门,经济法是国家干预经济的基本法律形式,社会法是国家解决社会问题和促进社会公共事业发展的基本法律形式,二者都是隶属于第三法域的现代法.相对于整个社会而言,经济法和社会法具有共同促进社会发展的功能;就作为整体社会的经济和社会两个子系统而言,经济法和社会法的功能具有互补性,二者功能的恰当配合对于促进经济和社会的协调发展具有重要意义.