论法治的整体性

法治的整体性是法治发展和法治研究中都必须关注而又被有所忽略的重要问题。尤其在具体法治的理论被提出以后 ,强调法治的整体性或整体法治 ,对于完善法治理论与全面进行法治建设都具有重要的意义。法治具有内在结构、对外联系和发展过程上的整体性质 ,强调法治整体性的重要目的在于实现法治的整体优化 ,全面推进和建立法治。     

论神示裁判制度中被告人的“证明责任”

宣誓决诉、水审、火审、决斗审都是欧洲中世纪神示裁判的方式。这些裁判方式都属于“单方证明”模式,与现代意义上的证明模式有天壤之别。为了考察神示裁判程序中被告人的诉讼地位,有必要借用现代证明责任理论来分析神示裁判制度中被告人的证明责任。通过分析可以看出,神示裁判制度实行有罪推定,被告人在诉讼中要承当证明自己无罪的责任。     

从总干事的选任看WTO的决策机制

世界贸易组织协定规定了共识决策和表决决策两种方式,但实践中无论出现怎样的困难和僵局遵循的都是共识决策方式。前三次总干事的选任过程突出了共识决策在世界贸易组织中的地位和问题。共识决策式是关税与贸易总协定历史发展中逐渐演变形成的,为世界贸易组织所继承。共识决策式是一种比较现实的决策方式,能够比较好维护各成员的利益,但需要牺牲一定的效率为代价。     

How and why does the platelet count in postmortem blood change during the early postmortem interval?

We examined the changes in the early postmortem platelet count in postmortem blood and the reasons for these changes by counting the platelets, by performing in vitro hypostatic tests, by estimating the percentage of erythrocytes by volume in postmortem blood samples, by immunohistochemistry (anti-CD61, anti-fibrinogen), and by immunoelectron microscopy (anti-CD62, anti-CD63, anti-thrombospondin). The apparent initial increase in the platelet count in postmortem blood was found to be caused by hypostatic phenomena. The subsequent discontinuous decrease in the platelet count despite continuing hypostasis in the corpse can be explained in part by postmortem thrombolysis and the development of reversible platelet-platelet aggregates. The main point is, that changes in the postmortem blood environment cause potentially reversible adhesion of platelets to pre-adsorbed fibrinogen on erythrocytes. Thus the decrease in the number of platelets in postmortem blood is not attributable to postmortem clotting but to a decrease in the number of countable platelets in postmortem blood.     

尿液分析仪检验血尿在法医学中应用研究

尿液分析仪检验血尿在法医学中的应用价值。应用尿液分析仪干化学法及尿沉渣显微镜法对 418例患者尿样红细胞成份同时进行检测 ,结果表明 ,尿液分析仪检验结果 :阴性 2 76例、“ +” 5 8例、“ ++” 35例、≥“ ++” 84例 ,尿沉渣镜检法相应程度的检验结果分别为阴性 2 74例、“ +-”和“ +” 31例、“ ++” 1例、≥“ ++” 37例 ,相同的程度符合率分别为 99 2 6 %、 5 3 45 %、 2 86 %、 44 0 5 %。两法阳性与阴性结果及轻伤程度 (≥ ++)与轻微伤程度 (≤ +)结果比较均有高度显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。尿液分析仪检验阳性率高于尿沉渣镜检法 ,且表现血尿程度略严重。尿液分析仪检验结果阴性和“ +”与尿沉渣镜检法 0～ 3/HP (阴性或少许 )程度一致 ,属正常范围。目前 ,法医学鉴定中用尿液分析仪检验结果 2 5 / μl ( ++)相当于尿沉渣镜检法红细胞 10～ 30 /HP ( ++) ,引用《人体轻伤鉴定标准 (试行 )》第 36条进行法医学鉴定是不准确的 ,不能将尿液分析仪完全替代尿沉渣镜检法用于法医学鉴定     

论法治国家

法与国家关系一元论既可能有利法治 ,也可能导致法治根本就无法建立。法与国家二元论下的国家优先论 ,可能使法成为国家的附庸而否定法本身。它在使法失去了自身的独立性和对国家的约束力的同时 ,也使法治失去了基本的立足点。在法与国家的产生上 ,二者在互动渐变中发展形成 ,没有先后之分 ;在法与国家的并存中 ,二者有着地位的差异。基于法与国家本身的特性 ,基于保障人民权利的价值期求 ,基于实现法治国家的理想目标 ,法律应当优先于国家。就法治国家来说 ,我们要建设的是实质意义上的法治国家 ,而非形式意义上的法治国家。我们不能将法治国家与法治相等同 ,更不能将二者对立起来 ,相反 ,我们应当把法治的内容纳入法治国家的含义之中。法治国家与人治国家、专制国家、警察国家等非法治国家相对立 ,与宪政国家相联系。西方法治发展已经经历了漫长的历史过程 ,中国关于法治国家口号的提出也有百年的历史 ,现在重提并郑重确认它为我国社会发展的目标 ,必然具有重大的意义。我国法治将经由法治国家进而向法治社会的纵深发展。     

Catecholamine effects on pulmonary blood vessels in strangulation

Guinea pigs were killed by strangulation to investigate the vasomotor of pulmonary congestion by asphyxia. The noradrenaline uptake by the endothelial cells of the pulmonary arteries and capillaries was observed by fluorescence histochemistry, peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry, and autoradiography. By radioassay, the volumes of noradrenaline uptake by the pulmonary arteries and capillaries in the strangulation group were at a significantly higher level than in the control groups. Many myoendothelial junctions were observed at the sites of constricted arteries, and the invasive noradrenaline was clearly observed in the myoendothelial junction. The mechanism of the pulmonary vasoconstriction in strangulation is due to the fact that the plasma noradrenaline, increased by asphyxia, invades the endothelial cells of pulmonary arteries and capillaries and causes the vasoconstriction.     

An unusual mechanical asphyxia in a homicide-suicide case by smothering and strangulation

A very unusual homicide of 2 children by smothering and strangulation by means of a rubber adhesive band carried out by the mother who committed suicide by the same manner is presented. Smothering is supposed to be one major cause of death in child homicide. Suicide by smothering is relatively uncommon. Suicidal smothering by winding strips of adhesive tape around the head to cover the nose and mouth is an even rarer method recently described in literature. The circumstances of the crime and the macroscopic and microscopic evidence are discussed to reduce the potential for underdiagnoses or mistakes in such cases in which it may be difficult to establish whether suicide or homicide occurred.     

2007年中国法治政府建设大盘点

2007年中国法治政府建设伴随着依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家的进程迈出了坚实的一步。在这一年里,民生是主流话语,民权是时代强音;公民的权利更多的是感受到法律的温情,而政府的权力则受到更多法律的掣肘。促进民生、公民参与、职能转变、权力约束、危机应对,构成了法治政府建设的主旋律。这些努力和成就,相信可以为中国实现法治政府的梦想奠定坚实基础。     

依法律行政原理的移植与嬗变

依法律行政,旨在藉由法律的合理性控制行政的恣意,并获得法的安定性和民主性,它是近代形式法治国家的产物,是自由主义与民主主义的结合。德国依法律行政原理经由奥托·迈耶的提炼基本定型,经由美浓部达吉等人传至日本,并影响了我国早期的行政法学。在新中国,依法行政逐渐得到强调。这种转变既有行政立法高涨的现实影响,也有方法论上的原因,但更多缘于全国人大—行政机关—司法机关的权力格局。从全国人大与国务院的宪法关系来看,应当重新确立依法律行政原理,并从行政诉讼上为依法律行政提供保障机制,同时摒弃依法行政中的某些错误观念,以确保法治国家的真正实现。     

自身心理学的新进展

在科赫特之后，自身心理学在理论和应用两个方面都得到了长足的发展。巴卡尔的自身对象理论，基多的渐成－等级模式，精神分析的主体间性理论都受到科赫特自身心理学理论的影响，自身心理学理论还在成瘾行为，变态性行为，临床社会福利工作等领域得到了广泛的运用，这说明利赫特所创立的自身心理学是一个具有强大生命力的精神分析新范式。     

软件相关方法专利多主体分别实施侵权的责任分析

以软件控制并由多方主体分别实施的方法发明在物联网时代日益重要,但此类方法专利的保护在实践中存在着困难。针对方法专利的多主体分别实施侵权,采取有意思联络的共同侵权、以主动或明知为主观条件的间接侵权、承担连带责任的无意思联络的数人侵权等方式均难以准确判定并追究行为人的侵权责任,为权利人提供及时有效的救济。对此,可考虑在专利法中制定专门条款,或以司法解释明确规则,吸收"控制或指导"理论和实践经验,淡化各方的主观意思联络要件、强调其行为的客观关联,追究实施方法专利流程中关键步骤的主要控制人,尤其是明知相关软件在他人的方法专利实施中具有关键作用而将其内置于自己生产销售的设备中的行为人之直接侵权责任。     

三种法治观辨析

中国先秦法家所倡行的“任法而治” ,古希腊思想家亚里士多德所阐述的“法治优于一人之治” ,以及资本主义国家所实行的“法治原则”、“法治国家”、“法治政府”等 ,是讨论法治时经常提到的三种法治观。虽然这三种法治观都被称作“法治” ,但在治国目的、政治基础、人性假设、制度保障等方面存在着重大差异。     

MRI在膝关节细微骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现及其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法分析24例经MRI诊断并经CT及临床证实的膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现,并与CT和X线检查结果进行比对。结果24例患者中X线仅检出2处骨折,CT检出27处,MRI检出31处骨折;其中MRI诊断同一患者2处以上骨折共有5例。所有骨折均无明显分离或错位,T1WI STIR和FE-T2WI序列是显示细微骨折的最佳序列。结论MRI能明确诊断膝关节细微骨折,为法医学鉴定提供有力的依据。     

Research ethics across the 49th parallel: the potential value of pilot testing "equivalent protections" in Canadian research institutions

Canada and the United States share the world's largest trade partnership and an increasing concern about divergent regulatory approaches to common industries. Canadian research institutes receive more research funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health than any other country, much of it to fund multi-centre and collaborative research between the two countries. Because of these close economic and research ties, and the extensive similarities between the two countries in the review and oversight of ethics in human subjects research, we propose that Canada would be an ideal country for a pilot-test of the feasibility of "equivalent protections," a U.S. regulation that permits comparison of protections for human subjects between institutions in the two countries. The "equivalent protections" has been advocated by various bodies in the United States as a potentially beneficial mechanism for improving oversight of foreign trials. As well, we argue that "equivalent protections" could prove to be valuable for Canada in five specific ways: (1) by potentially reducing administrative burden on Canadian research institutions administering U.S. federal research funding; (2) by creating symbolic value of an explicit recognition by the United States that procedures normally followed for the protection of human subjects in Canadian research institutions are at least equivalent to those provided by the U.S. regulations; (3) by lowering the opportunity cost of investing in research in Canada; (4) by affording Canada an opportunity to enhance its leadership role in international research by offering an alternative to the U.S. regulatory model for the protection of human subjects; and (5) by providing a model for how the idea of equivalent protections might be addressed for research funded by Canadian agencies but conducted in other countries.     

市、县政府法制部门职能作用发挥问题研究

推进依法行政、建设法治政府是新时期政府工作的重点。政府法制部门作为推进依法行政工作的综合协调机构,其职能作用发挥的范围和程度至关重要。本文试从市、县政府法制部门的职能、定位着手,阐明基层法制部门在法制系统、主体业务、促进政府依法行政、维持社会稳定方面的重要作用,对市、县法制部门存在的职能授权不充足、基础工作不到位、权力使用不规范、价值发挥不充分等问题进行了探讨,并有针对性地提出了一些建议,以期促进市、县法制部门职能作用发挥的最大化。     

广东流动人口中的违法犯罪团伙研究

广东流动人口违法犯罪从分布情况看,呈现明显的地域和行业特征。从纠合方式看,以地缘为主,大多结构松散,反应迅速。从主体类型看,分为外省人员主体型、省内外市人员主体型和境外黑社会组织成员渗透型。从违法犯罪客观方面看,暴力性特征明显,违法犯罪类型多样化。这是因为少数地方和部门对流动人口中违法犯罪团伙认识不足、重视不够。流动人员生活环境的改变,致使流动人员处于不受规制状态。流动人口的流动呈明显的无序性、盲目性特征,缺乏规范和引导。法律、法规不适应当前形势的需要,存在打击盲点。应该切实提高认识,把打击、防控流动人口中违法犯罪团伙工作摆上党委、政府的重要议事日程;加强与外省来粤务工人员流出地的沟通协作,构建流动人口流出地与流入地共管体制;突出重点,强化服务,切实做好流动人口的服务和维权工作;整合资源,构建整体作战格局,提高打击、防控流动人口中违法犯罪团伙的质量和效率。     

CHOICE OF COURT AGREEMENT WITH FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN CHINA: SHANDONG JUFENG V. SOUTH KOREA MGAME

Unlike statutory and discretionary jurisdiction, jurisdiction by choice of court agreement concluded in foreign-related civil and commercial matters should be decided by the parties. As a special contract, the choice of court agreement is so independent that its validity is governed by the law chosen by the parties or by the law of the country where the chosen court is situated in case that the choice of law is invalid. Amendments to the Civil Procedure Law (hereinafter referred to as “CPL”) of People’s Republic of China (2012) should not only include the jurisdiction by choice of court agreement with foreign-related elements, but also stipulate it in a more standardized way, rather than simply refer to provision of jurisdiction by choice of court agreement in domestic cases. At the same time, the CPL should make the scope of application of choice of court agreement more clear, and provide choice of law clause and its confirmative elements when deciding its effectiveness.     

我国诉讼监督的一个难点及其破解——析“严禁”语境下的刑讯逼供

我国刑事实体法与程序法均严格禁止刑讯逼供,但在刑事诉讼中刑讯逼供却禁而难止,因刑讯逼供受到查处者为数不多,以致刑法第247条几近虚置。究其原因,一是刑讯逼供合法性的顽固观念妨碍了对刑讯逼供、暴力取证行为的查处;二是对刑讯逼供、暴力取证行为发现不及时;三是对刑讯逼供、暴力取证行为的监督尚有缺位。解决这一问题,首先需要转变司法理念,改善检察监督执法环境;其次,建立顺畅、有效的检察监督机制;再次,对刑讯逼供、暴力取证罪的刑事责任进行立法重构。     

Suffocation death by occlusion of the airways with sand

Eleven cases are reported in which death occurred because of suffocation as a result of occlusion of the respiratory tract by sand (without thoracic compression: 3 cases) or being buried alive (8 cases). Two tables demonstrate the findings and circumstances in the events. Three cases are described in detail. A 22-year-old woman was manhandled by blows and kicks to the head and neck. She became unconscious and her head and neck were covered by a layer of sand so that she suffocated. A 42-year-old man was smothered, while unconscious, in a prone position with his face in the sand, after hard blows to the head by two culprits. A 17-year-old girl finally died by chocking. Previously the culprit had pressed her face into the ground, so that she aspirated particles of soil. The question of vital reactions during aspiration of sand was investigated by microscopic examination of the content of the air passage and by destroying parts of the lungs by sulphuric acid. Minimal aspiration of sand occurred in all cases. Although the postmortal remains were left in the ground, there was no postmortem penetration of sand into the air passage. Histological examinations were carried out to support the diagnosis of violent suffocation. In some cases, there were remarkable findings (mobilization of alveolar cells, hepatocelullar hydropic degeneration), but there were no typical or unanimous findings that pertained to all cases.