International Refugee Protection Challenges and Opportunities

The new Millennium heralded a promise of change. For refugeesand other displaced persons, the start of the new Millenniumwas mixed; not much changed on the ground, but the fiftiethanniversary of the 1951 Convention brought Declaration of Statesparties reaffirming their commitments and the Agenda for Protection.Five years on, has the reaffirmation of States' commitment tothe international protection regime, and their endorsement ofthe Agenda for Protection, made a difference to refugees? Havewords been matched with actions to ensure access to asylum forthose who need it and a greater sharing of international responsibilityin this regard? This article looks at the major refugee protectionchallenges that confront us at the beginning of the 21^st centuryon both sides of the development divide. It also addresses whymany of these problems have developed and examines some of theemerging opportunities, which, if seized in good faith, couldprovide more robust protection for refugees, while respondingto the security, sovereignty and economic concerns of States.     

民间文学艺术数字化的机遇与挑战

网络民间文学艺术是数字环境下民间文学艺术的新体式.数字网络技术一方面为民间文学艺术来源群体参与全球贸易、获取经济利益提供了网络平台,同时为其保持文化多样性、反抗孤立与边缘化创造了新的契机;但另一方面,国际互联网的无国界性和资源共享性,从某种意义上加剧了文化全球化的进程,并且使得权利人很难控制网络信息,极易发生侵权.因此,如何充分利用数字化手段发展民间文学艺术,同时通过有关措施保障网络民间文学艺术的信息安全和正当使用,是网络环境下民间文学艺术版权保护面临的新问题.     

Foreword: Follow-on Biologics: Implementation Challenges and Opportunities

This Book of the Seton Hall Law Review presents the contributions to Follow-On Biologics: Implementation Challenges and Opportunities, a one-day roundtable event hosted by Seton Hall University School of Law in the fall of 2010. The roundtable fostered an international dialogue regarding the future of follow-on biologics in the United States resulting from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of March 2010. THE BIOLOGIC PRICE COMPETITION AND INNOVATION ACT OF 2010. The March 23, 2010, enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the companion Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 ushered in landmark reform of the American health care system. Along with sweeping overhauls of the health care system generally, PPACA also provides a new regulatory challenge for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A subtitle within PPACA, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), bestows upon FDA broad authority to implement an abbreviated approval route to market for biological products (also known as biologics) that are "biosimilar" to an existing marketed product. The brief introduction will provide a basic comparison of biologics and conventional pharmaceutical drugs that will prove central to the FDA's development of this follow-on biologic pathway as well as specifically examine the content and scope of the BPCIA provisions and identify future challenges for the FDA. It will conclude by highlighting details of presentations during the roundtable held at the Seton Hall University School of Law and introduce the two resulting articles contained with this Book of the Seton Hall Law Review.     

人工智能时代背景下警务工作面临的机遇与挑战

当前,人工智能技术方兴未艾,从人工智能的技术基础、内驱需求、发展潜力、市场规模、制度构建等方面都可证成人工智能时代已经到来。人工智能可以缓解警力不足、减少警察伤亡、提高警务工作效率;但同时,警务工作也将面临新的职业风险和职业困惑,警察组织也将面临新的结构调整。对此,警务工作应当乘人工智能发展之东风,直面风险与挑战,牢牢抓住历史发展机遇,让人工智能成为警务工作优化改革的契机,成为科技兴警的重要抓手,成为社会治安治理现代化的中枢神经系统和智慧大脑。     

中国法律服务市场开放的挑战和机遇——在理想与现实之间的思考

WTO作为制度性的框架,无论我们对它作何种评介,在客观上都影响着世界大部分角落的经济、社会乃至政治生活,中国法律服务市场的开放,就是这一制度性框架的影响之一。对于这种影响和开放,我们还未来得及作全面深入的分析,因此,仅根据短短几年时间的经验,就做出一个肯定或否定的判     

“互联网+”与政府监管转型:机遇、挑战与对策

“互联网+”的兴起在暴露政府监管滞后的同时,也为我国政府监管转型提供了机遇和挑战.具体表现在监管理念的革新、监管目标的平衡、监管手段的协调、配套机制的完善等方面.面对此种机遇与挑战,为保障“互联网+”的有序推进,应全力推进政府监管转型.在监管理念上,实现由“监管”向“治理”转变;监管目标上,努力实现公共利益与私人利益的平衡;监管机构上,整合多重监管机构的职能;监管方式上,实现多重监管方式的协调;充分发挥信息公开和公众参与机制的作用,为政府监管转型创造良好环境.     

Integrating Organizational Justice and Affect: New Insights, Challenges, and Opportunities

Building on the foundation offered by Cropanzano et al. in their recent book titled Social Justice and the Experience of Emotion (Cropanzano et al. in Social justice and the experience of emotions, Routledge, New York, 2011), we argue that further integrating the literatures on organizational justice and affect has the potential to create important insights that can further our understanding of both literatures. In order to capitalize on these opportunities, however, we argue that justice scholars must increase the clarity of our constructs, address critical gaps in the literature, and question underlying assumptions in the field as well as within the paradigms that have traditionally been adopted to explore justice issues. We propose a number of research avenues that can not only facilitate our understanding of organizational justice by addressing challenges and gaps in the literature, but can also help further integrate the organizational justice and affect literatures. We conclude by discussing methodologies and approaches that can help organizational justice researchers to explore these new research opportunities.     

论国家公园国有土地占主体地位的实现路径——以地役权为核心的考察

建立国家公园体制是党的十八届三中全会提出的重点改革任务之一,是我国生态文明制度建设的重要内容。根据《建立国家公园体制总体方案》的要求,国家公园应当确保全民所有的自然资源资产占主体地位。土地作为国家公园中最核心的自然资源资产,对其主体地位的理解和认定将直接影响土地权属及其流转,也在相当程度上决定了国家公园建设的成败。主体地位有绝对数量意义和实际控制意义两种理解,后者在理论上和实践中更为可取。在此前提下,私法背景下的地役权较之强制性的征收制度以及传统合意性的土地流转模式,在理论构造上相契合,在实践探索中也得到印证,为实现国家公园国有土地占主体地位提供了新的思路。     

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Opportunities and Pitfalls in Developing a New Legal Regime

Deforestation of tropical forests contributes approximately 10–20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews various options proposed by countries to address reducing these emissions, including market-based approaches to fund activities to make these reductions. The paper explores some of the opportunities and pitfalls of market-based mechanisms, including such concepts as permanence, measurement, additionality, undermining the carbon market and sovereignty concerns. Possibly the greatest difficulty with market-based approaches is the issue of emissions displacement – a concept often called 'leakage'. One cause of leakage is the growing market for tropical timber, particularly in China. Options to address leakage are considered, including a new concept relating to carbon deficits as part of a demand-side management approach. Non-market mechanisms are also explored. Elements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)'s Bali Action Plan, such as conservation, sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of carbon stocks, are also examined. The paper concludes that a step-by-step approach is needed to build the capacity of developing countries to meet the challenges of reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries (REDD).     

信息科技驱动下的教育变革——机遇、挑战与反思

信息科技革命给世界带来了翻天覆地的变化,也正在驱动着一场新的教育变革。互联网、大数据、人工智能等新兴信息技术与教育教学的融合,正在改变着传统的教育教学观念、教学组织形态、教学方法手段和教学与学习方式,对教师的专业素养和权威地位提出了挑战。我们必须保持敏锐的目光,密切跟踪发展趋势,开展多样化的实践探索;同时要保持理性的态度,警惕陷入纯技术化的误区。     

Juvenile delinquency as reflected by offenders of the borstal institute of Cameroon

This paper will describe the governmental structure of Papua New Guinea and the justice system. It identifies justice policy in relation to devolution and the involvement of the community in the justice system. After pointing out that in colonial times judicial powers were exercised at the village level it notes that the introduction of a Village Court system in 1975 and the commencement of Probation in 1985 have both served as a means of introducing custom into the legal system and into the justice system. Probation and Village Courts are discussed and constraints in their operation and development are identified. Other functions of the Probation Service which assist in giving the community a voice in sentencing and in the supervision of offenders are described. The paper concludes that although there has been no formal devolution policy until recently, the desirability of involving the community in the maintenance of law and order has been recognised, primarily through Village Courts and Probation. The fact that Provincial Governments have no law and order powers is identified as a factor marginalising Provincial Governments from the justice system and to that extent, the community within the Province. The paper suggests that policy makers need to address the position of the Provincial Governments within the justice system. Institutional devolution has been limited and there is scope for more to be done but adequate resources must be made available. Gender bias in the Village Court and within Probation as well as the attitude of the lower courts towards Probation are noted as constraints generally.     

国家公园法是否应当确认游憩功能

研究者对于正在制定的我国《国家公园法》是否应当确认游憩功能,尚有争议,这将直接影响该部法律的相关制度安排。否认立法应确认游憩功能的观点,具有保护环境的合理性,但未关注国家公园的全民共享性,未以发展的眼光看待保护理念与国际潮流的顺应,欠缺科学性。通过立法确认国家公园的游憩功能具备自然基础、现实基础和社会价值。国家公园游憩功能的法律确认与制度安排,以游憩功能的法律属性界定为核心,游憩不是自然权利及法定权利,也不是主观权利,只能是客观秩序,公众无法向国家提出诉求,游憩利益只有依托国家履行义务才能实现。我国《国家公园法》的相关制度安排,应以管理主体的职责配置为重心,充分保障游憩这一客观秩序的实现。     

The Centrality of Theory in Modern Day Crime Prevention: Developments,Challenges, and Opportunities

Theory matters in crime prevention. Indeed, but this is hardly the full story. Crime prevention is oftentimes viewed as atheoretical—not grounded in the etiology of crime and offending. Reasons abound for this view, and the recent interest in an evidence-based approach to policy-making has been at the forefront. This article reviews the role that theory plays in modern day crime prevention, with a special focus on the three main crime prevention strategies: developmental, community, and situational. The review identifies a number of key challenges and opportunities for making theory more central to crime prevention. It suggests that the classification system employed in situational crime prevention has allowed for a more explicit connection between sound theory and prevention techniques, and may provide important lessons for developmental and community crime prevention.