大白鼠脑干损伤后脑组织中GFAP免疫组化改变的初步研究

采取针刺法造成实验大白鼠脑干损伤，用免疫组织化学ＬＳＡＢ法检测大脑、中脑、桥脑及延髓等不同部位脑组织中胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）的改变。结果发现，生前损伤３０ｍｉｎ，大脑顶部灰质及中脑腹例中央部的ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目增多；生前损伤６０ｍｉｎ，除大脑顶部灰质及中脑腹侧中央部外．大脑脑室角周边部、桥脑背侧中央部、延髓腹侧及背侧中央部的ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目亦增多。而死后损伤者，ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目不增多。说明ＧＦＡＰ阳性星形胶质细胞数目的改变可区别脑组织的生前损伤和死后改变，并可作为脑干损伤早期的诊断指标。     

酶水解后同时分析海洛因、吗啡、可待因

本文以家兔为模型，用酶水解、丙酸酐衍生化处理吸毒后的尿样，用ＧＣ／ＭＳ同时分析海洛因、吗啡、可待因。     

GATS与我国外资银行政策、法律的调整

ＷＴＯ与ＧＡＴＳ的重要区别之一就是它不仅包括货物贸易规则，而且还有投资服务贸易和知识产权等规则。作为第一部管理国际服务贸易的规则，《服务贸易部协定》（ＧＡＴＳ）是ＷＴＯ法律体系的重要组成部分。近年来，我国入世谈判的最主要、最难的议题之一就是服务贸易。从目前的情况看，一方面，在金融服务日益国际化的大趋势下，开放不可避免，更何况开放乃我国基本国策；另一方面，作为一个发展中国家，为保护本国银行业，对外资银行进行一定的限制是必然的，这也是ＧＡＴＳ有关规定所允许的，即使是发达国家也有这样或那样的限制。因此…     

视网膜挫伤后应用ERG客观评定视力的探讨

本文对６０例（６０眼）视网膜挫伤患者进行了ＥＲＧ检查，以其自身健眼为对照，利用双眼对数视力的视力差与双眼ＥＲＧ振幅差、振幅比、矫正振幅差、矫正振幅比作了相关及回归分析，其ｒ值分别为０．８８，０．７６，０．７４，－０．８２，－０．８１，－０．７７，０．８９，－０．９０（Ｐ＜０．０１）。均为统计学高度相关，说明ＥＲＧ可用于视网膜挫伤后的客观视力评定，具有医学及法医学应用价值。     

联合应用ERG,VEP进行眼挫伤法医学研究

本文对１１２例眼挫伤患者进行了ＥＲＧ、ＶＥＰ检查，结果证实：ＥＲＧ是一种能够客观反映视网膜功能状态的方法。其回归方程可用于评定视敏度。而联合应用ＥＲＧ、ＶＥＰ还具有损伤的定位价值。在对视网膜挫伤眼视力与ＥＲＧ、ＶＥＰ结果进行相关及回归分析时，本文应用双眼的波幅差、波幅比进行比较，结果表明：其回归方程可较准确地评定视网膜挫伤眼的客观视力。同时，本文证实：视野缺损对ＶＥＰ波形的影响不容忽视。由此提出：对较严重的视神经挫伤眼鉴定时，不宜用ＶＥＰ客观评定其视敏度、综合视力与视野的损伤程度。本文建议：以其健眼为对照，若其伤眼ＶＥＰ波消失，其损伤程度应评定为重伤。本文的研究成果可应用于法医学鉴定。     

埃利希和现代法社会学的诞生

埃利希和现代法社会学的诞生华东政法学院教授何勤华现代西方的法社会学，诞生于１９世纪末２０世纪初的西欧和北美，其创始人主要有德国法学家耶林（Ｒ．ｖｏｎＪｈｅｒｉｎｇ１８１８～１８９２）、波兰籍奥地利法学家贡普洛维茨（Ｌ．Ｇｕｍｐｌｏｗｉｃｚ，１８３８～...     

一种制备酶标记抗体的新技术及在血痕种属鉴定的应用

本实验建立了一种过碘酸钠氧化法为基础、制备ＨＲＰ标记的免抗人ＩｇＧ抗体的新技术。首先以己二酰二肼作为肼化剂，在ＩｇＧ分子上接上肼基，然后以过碘酸钠作为氧化剂，使ＨＲＰ分子上的糖基氧化为醛基，进而使醛基与联结在ＩｇＧ分子上的肼基形成Ｓｃｉｆｆ氏碱而达到酶与抗体的联接。在用斑点ＥＬＩＳＡ方法鉴别血痕种属的研究中，该法制各的酶标记抗体具有高效价，高敏感度，高特异性等优点。     

法人类学的崛起（综述）

法人类学的崛起（综述）沈渭忠（司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所；上海２０００６３）法人类学（ＦｏｒｅｎｓｉｃＡｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｌｏｇｙ）是一门界于法医学和体质人类学之间的边缘学科，并应用于医学法律系统．它最早创立于美国，隶属于由Ｇｒａｄｗｏｌｈ在１９５０年...     

德国就业促进法概况

德国就业促进法概况刘青文《德国就业促进法》（ＡＦＧ）颁布于１９６９年。如果说，该法颁布以前，德国主要强调的是对雇员失业前、失业后的生活保障的话，那么该法颁布以后，对职业培训及保留工作岗位的促进构成了德国调控政策的首要措施。一、立法目的该法第１条规定：...     

三种检测尿中吗啡方法的比较分析

对２４７个尿样分别用Ｖ－Ⅱ、ＡＣ、ＴＬＣ三种方法分析，结果与ＧＣ／ＭＳ的结果对照，Ｖ－Ⅱ法的检测灵敏度最高，ＴＬＣ的检测灵敏度最低。Ｖ－Ⅱ法有假阳性５个（２．７％），ＡＣ有假阳性３个（３．７％），ＴＬＣ无假阳性结果。     

水和生物体液中3种镇痛麻醉药中空纤维膜液相微萃取

目的研究采用中空纤维膜液相微萃取(hollowfiber liquid phase microextraction,HF-LPME)法提取水和生物体液中的哌替啶,氯胺酮,曲马多。方法样品调节至pH11.5和盐饱和,磁力搅拌器转速为600转/min,内标为盐酸萘福泮,取4μl甲苯,注入到聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜中,萃取20min,抽回1μl甲苯进入GC中进行分析。结果血浆、尿、水相关系数R2:哌替啶分别为0.9935、0.9981、0.9997,氯胺酮分别为0.9906、0.9913、0.9927,曲马多分别为0.9741、0.9913、0.9970;检测限:水、尿中哌替啶、氯胺酮、曲马多均为0.01μg/ml,血浆中哌替啶、氯胺酮、曲马多均为0.05μg/ml;血浆、尿、水日内RSD:哌替啶分别为13.0%、7.3%、4.6%,氯胺酮分别为15.1%、13.6%、1.4%,曲马多分别为3.7%、4.3%、9.0%;血浆、尿、水日间RSD:哌替啶分别为15.1%、13.5%、12.2%,氯胺酮分别为12.3%、5.3%、6.0%,曲马多分别为7.1%、15.5%、11.9%;血浆、尿、水相对回收率:哌替啶分别为109.80%、93.49%、97.57%,氯胺酮分别为91.09%、101.80%、100.40%,曲马多分别为106.40%、92.94%、113.32%。结论中空纤维膜液相微萃取用于水和生物体液中的哌替啶,氯胺酮,曲马多的分析,所需有机溶剂少,避免残留和交叉污染,集萃取,富集,进样于一步完成,简单,高效,实用。     

The association between body mass index and pulmonary thromboembolism in an autopsy population

Abstract: To evaluate the association between obesity and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in a forensic context, 160 autopsy cases of fatal PTE were compared with age‐ and gender‐matched controls. The mean age of cases was 66 years (range 26–98 years; M/F 74:86). The mean body mass index (BMI) of cases with PTE was 30.88 (range 14.95–79.51), which was significantly higher than in the controls (mean BMI = 25.33; range 12.49–61.84) (p < 0.0001). Comparing the group with PTE with controls showed that five (3.1%) compared to 20 (12.5%) were underweight, 39 (24.4%) compared to 67 (41.88%) were of normal weight, 49 (30.63%) compared to 43 (26.88%) were overweight, 43 (26.88%) compared to 24 (15%) were obese, and 24 (15.0%) compared to six (3.75%) were morbidly obese. In each category of above‐normal BMIs, there were significantly greater numbers in the groups with PTE: overweight (p < 0.01), obese (p < 0.001), and morbidly obese (p < 0.0001).     

常见嗜尸性甲虫及蝇类虫体不同部位mtDNA的提取效果

目的探讨改良后十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltriethylammnonium bromide,CTAB)法对常见嗜尸性昆虫虫体不同部位mtDNA的提取效果。方法随机采集放置在呼和浩特地区室外草地家兔尸体上丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇[Lucilia sericata(Meigen)]、埋葬甲科的Nicrophorus fossor(Erichson)各13例,采用改良CTAB法分别提取每只昆虫头部、胸肌、腿部、翅膀4个部位的mtDNA,核酸蛋白测定仪检测DNA纯度及质量浓度,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其PCR产物,测定PCR产物序列,上传GenBank。结果 13例丝光绿蝇[Lu-cilia sericata(Meigen)]的胸肌均提取到了DNA,10例头部样本、6例腿部样本、4例翅膀样本得到DNA;13例Nicrophorus fossor(Erichson)胸肌DNA均提取成功,5例头部样本、8例腿部样本及3例翅膀样本提取出DNA。结论改良CTAB法可用于对嗜尸性昆虫胸肌及其他部位进行DNA的提取。     

涉及死亡医疗纠纷的发生:27年医疗纠纷法医尸检回顾性研究之一

为了探讨医疗纠纷法医尸检的特点,回顾性研究了1972～1998年27年间318例医疗纠纷尸检资料.在这第一篇报告中,介绍与死亡有关医疗纠纷发生上的一些特点:医疗纠纷尸检的案例数从1972～1983年的23例上升到1984～1998年的295例;死者中男女性别无显著差别;年龄分布有两个高峰,10岁以下有104例(32.71%),20～40岁组161例(50.63%);发生在市(县)级中等大小医院的纠纷最多见,有195例,占61.32%,近年私人诊所的医疗纠纷明显增多;医疗纠纷尸检最常涉及外科(71例,22.33%)和产科(58例,18.24%);也简略讨论了206例非医疗过失纠纷和99例医疗过失纠纷发生的原因.     

河南省刑事案件司法精神病学鉴定案例的随访研究

目的研究司法精神病学鉴定后各方对结论及处理的看法及社会影响等随访因素。方法作者通过通信函调、电话随访和登门拜访等三种方法,用自编调查表对208例鉴定案例分别向委托机关、被鉴定人本人或家属、受害人本人或家属进行随访。结果被鉴定人受教育年限平均为4.84年,以30岁左右已婚男性农民居多。暴力犯罪(129例占83.77%)远较非暴力犯罪(25例占16.23%)为多,前者又尤以杀人(44例占28.57%)为最常见。本资料再鉴定率为2.93%。被鉴定人及其家属对34例无责任能力的处理意见认为恰当的占76.47%,对判为无罪释放的28例,认为处理恰当的占71.43%,认为不恰当的占10.7%。对就医者几乎全都满意,对判刑或关押的认为恰当与不恰当者各占43.18%。受害人目前现状为死亡7例,残废10例,恢复健康10例。被鉴定人及其家属的意见与司法机关认为案件引起的社会影响似乎无关。被司法机关无罪释放的41例(26.62%)被鉴定人中,再杀人2例(4.87%),放火2例(4.87%),盗窃2例(4.87%),回归社会后有破坏行为但尚未构成犯罪者3例(7.31%)。结论建议政府有关部门尽快建立违法犯罪精神病人的监管和医疗机构。     

H2O2诱导PC12细胞凋亡前后miRNA的变化及探讨

目的用微小RNA(miRNA)基因芯片技术检测H2O2诱导凋亡的PC12细胞和正常PC12细胞miR-NA的表达谱差异。方法分别以不同浓度的H2O2处理PC12细胞12h,用MTT和流式细胞仪检测处理后细胞的生长活力和凋亡情况;分别提取A(0浓度H2O2处理组)和B(400nmol/LH2O2处理组)PC12细胞的miRNA做miRNA基因芯片检测。结果以A组作为对照,30、50、100、200、400nmol/L的H2O2处理的PC12细胞生存率分别为(92±9.80)%、(90±14.70)%、(80±13.85)%、(54±12.33)%、(22±7.35)%(P<0.01);0、30、50、100、200和400nmol/L的H2O2处理的PC12细胞早期凋亡率分别为2.6%、5.2%、7.2%、10.4%、16.6%、72.2%;在样品A中共筛选出68个有效表达的miRNA分子数据,在样品B中筛选出46个有效表达的miRNA分子数据,两者样品中均检测到有效表达的miRNA分子有39个,其中与样品A相比,在样品B中显著性下调表达的有6个。结论为脑缺血再灌注损伤中神经细胞凋亡的机制和治疗的研究提供了理论依据和新的研究思路。     

Drug prevalence in drowning deaths in Cuyahoga County, Ohio: a ten-year retrospective study

Previous studies have shown that up to 50% of adult drownings are related to the consumption of alcohol. Little information is available in the literature regarding the possible contribution of ethanol and other drugs to drownings.All records of deaths occurring in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, from 1994-2003, in which drowning was listed as the cause of death, were reviewed. Toxicology analysis was performed on cases where specimens were submitted. Review of the 187 cases showed that the majority (78%) of drowning deaths were ruled as accidents, 26 (14%) as suicide, 5 (3%) as homicide, and 11 (6%) as undetermined.Among the accidental deaths (n=141), 97 (69%) were negative for all drugs, including ethanol, and 30 cases (21%) were positive for ethanol only. Illicit drugs were detected in 4 of the cases (3%). In the suicides (n=26), 16 (62%) were negative for all drugs, including ethanol, and 7 cases (27%) were positive for ethanol only (mean blood alcohol concentration [BAC] 0.03 g/dL). Illicit drugs were detected in 3 of the cases (12%). Two of the 5 homicide cases (40%) were positive for ethanol. There were no cases in which the victim tested positive for illicit drugs.Of the 11 cases ruled as undetermined, 64% (n=7) were negative for all drugs, including ethanol. The remainder of the cases tested positive for ethanol only. There were no cases in which illicit drugs were detected. This study demonstrates that the majority of drowning deaths in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, were not drug related. Deaths in which drugs were detected were typically accidental deaths, with ethanol the most common drug detected.     

The prevalence of drugs in carbon monoxide-related deaths: a retrospective study, 2000-2003

The objective of this study was to review demographic characteristics and drugs detected in carbon monoxide (CO)-related deaths from cases received by the Office of the Cuyahoga County Coroner in Cleveland, Ohio, from 2000-2003. Postmortem reports were reviewed, and decedents for which CO was listed as the cause of death were included. The data were compiled into 3 groups according to the official coroner's verdict as to the manner of death: accident, suicide, and homicide. Included in this study were 122 cases: 84 (69%) accidental, 31 (25%) suicide, and 7 (6%) homicide. Accident decedents were typically white males, aged 40-59 years, residing in Cleveland. Suicide decedents were also middle-aged, white males but residing in the suburbs. Homicide decedents under the age of 6 were characteristically black (N=2), while decedents over the age of 39 were predominately white (N=3). Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in suicide cases were higher than concentrations measured in accidental deaths. The highest percentage of suicide decedents (36%) had a COHb level>70% saturation, accident decedents (36%) between 50% and 69% saturation, and homicide decedents (71%) below 50% saturation. Ethanol (N=34) was detected in 28% of deaths, and therapeutic and/or abused drugs (N=50) were detected in 41% of deaths. Illicit drugs were detected in 11% of cases (cocaine/metabolites; THC/metabolites), other drug positives were therapeutic medications. The most common drugs detected were antidepressants and antihistamines in suicides and pain medications and antihistamines in accidents.     

甲基苯丙胺对大鼠外周血中肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素及肿瘤坏死因子-α的影响

目的观察甲基苯丙胺（MA）长时间给药对大鼠外周血中肾上腺素（N）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠25只随机分成实验组（20只）和对照组（5只）,实验组再分为1、2、4、8周给药组（每组5只）。采用MA（10mg/kg）进行腹膜下注射制作染毒模型,应用放射免疫酶标技术检测大鼠外周血中N和NE;应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测外周血中TNF-α的水平。结果实验组各大鼠饮食量下降及饮水量增加,其外周血中N和NE水平增高,TNF-α表达增强,与对照组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论长时间使用MA可以引起外周血中N和NE增高及TNF-α表达增强,可能是MA引起心脏损害的重要机制之一。     

A descriptive study of juvenile family violence: Data from intervention order applications in a Childrens Court

There is increasing recognition that family violence may be perpetrated by juveniles against their parents and siblings, however empirical research regarding the nature and causes of such violence is relatively limited. This study examines juvenile family violence in the context of an Intervention Order (IO) being sought against a relative aged 18 years or less. All cases over a 3-year period involving an IO application in a major metropolitan Children's Court in Australia were analysed (n = 438). The majority of applicants/victims were parents (78%) and to a lesser extent siblings (11%) and other relatives (9%). Most parents who sought applications were mothers (63%) and one-parent households were over-represented (66%). The majority of defendants/perpetrators were male (69%), though juvenile females constituted a significant minority (31%). Intervention orders were sought to prohibit property damage (61%), physical assaults (59%) and/or threats (53%). According to the victim reports, these behaviours emerged in the context of prolonged behavioural problems (49%), a desire to intimidate the victim (12%) or retaliation (8%). While 44% of IO applications were granted, the majority were not (56%) due to the victim discontinuing the application prior to a formal hearing. Of the orders that were granted, a third (32%) were subsequently reported as having been breached. Juvenile family violence is a serious social problem that requires more systematic research to identify the correlates of this behaviour and effective interventions to prevent or reduce its occurrence.