European capitalism and the effects of agricultural commercialization on slave labor in Tunisia, 1780s–1880s

Abstract

The paper argues that while the significance of Tunisian state economic and political reforms during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has reflected the changing patterns of the caravan slave trade in previous research, much of this research has not considered the role of slaves in the emergent Tunisian economy. Nowhere is this negligence more apparent than in the agricultural sector, which was predominantly responsible for strengthening economic growth from the late eighteenth century until its weakening as a result of encroaching European capitalism by the mid-nineteenth century. Drawing on Tunisian state population data known as the Majba Census and the extant economic literature, the paper addresses this gap by exploring the implications of the Tunisian state economic reforms on enslaved labor in the agricultural sector. Exploring this research gap will enable us to ascertain the extent to which enslaved labor contributed to Tunisia’s burgeoning agricultural sector in a manner that has dodged academics’ attention. After providing a historical context of European capital penetration and its implications on political and economic reforms from the Ottoman conquest through the Husaynid periods, the paper looks at how European capital infusion after the first quarter of the nineteenth century transformed the agricultural sector and examines the role of slave labor prior to the European capital infusion and commercialization of the agricultural sector. Using the Majba Census records’ regional distribution of blacks in the Regency the paper sheds light on the implications of the precarious economy engendered by agricultural commercialization under the aegis of European capitalism on the structure of enslaved labor.     

The Campesino-to-Campesino agroecology movement of ANAP in Cuba: social process methodology in the construction of sustainable peasant agriculture and food sovereignty

Agroecology has played a key role in helping Cuba survive the crisis caused by the collapse of the socialist bloc in Europe and the tightening of the US trade embargo. Cuban peasants have been able to boost food production without scarce and expensive imported agricultural chemicals by first substituting more ecological inputs for the no longer available imports, and then by making a transition to more agroecologically integrated and diverse farming systems. This was possible not so much because appropriate alternatives were made available, but rather because of the Campesino-a-Campesino (CAC) social process methodology that the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) used to build a grassroots agroecology movement. This paper was produced in a ‘self-study’ process spearheaded by ANAP and La Via Campesina, the international agrarian movement of which ANAP is a member. In it we document and analyze the history of the Campesino-to-Campesino Agroecology Movement (MACAC), and the significantly increased contribution of peasants to national food production in Cuba that was brought about, at least in part, due to this movement. Our key findings are (i) the spread of agroecology was rapid and successful largely due to the social process methodology and social movement dynamics, (ii) farming practices evolved over time and contributed to significantly increased relative and absolute production by the peasant sector, and (iii) those practices resulted in additional benefits including resilience to climate change.     

Market-driven dairying and the politics of value,labor and affect in Gujarat,India

Ethnography in Gujarat, India’s poster-state of market reforms, recovers what transpires when the individual embraces capital for market-driven production. This contribution reports on resource-poor rural households who embark on dairying through buffaloes acquired with microcredit. The essay discusses the politics of economic value, and economic value encountering other values, lifeworlds and affective relations related to work, humans and non-human others. These phenomena interrupt commodity production. Human–animal relations challenge both capitalism’s treatment of bovines as machines, and the bovine politics of Hindu nationalism rooted in ignorance of rural economy, lifeworlds and livelihoods.     

解析韦伯"资本主义精神"

韦伯是20世纪西方著名的社会学家和伦理学家,他的宗教伦理学著作<新教伦理与资本主义精神>一书享誉世界,韦伯在此书中大胆地提出了"资本主义精神"这一概念,为资本主义的研究开启了新的思路.该文从伦理的角度,从几方面对韦伯资本主义精神的提出、资本主义精神的由来、资本主义精神的体现进行全方位的梳理,揭示了韦伯资本主义精神成为资本主义发展精神动力的奥秘,肯定了资本主义精神中的有益成份,看到了在市场经济条件下,资本主义精神中的勤劳、敬业、守信、合理获利等思想的当代价值.     

小型个私经济和非正规就业组织工会工作探析

随着非公有制经济的发展和就业安置社会化,小型个私经济和非正规就业组织蓬勃发展,并吸收了大量城镇下岗待业人员和进城农民工等弱势群体的就业,对传统基层工会的组织设置和工作方式带来了考验。面对这一新形势,我国工会要顺应形势、与时俱进,以社区工会建设为依托,积极推进个私和非正规就业领域工会工作,提高工会组织的覆盖面,加强这一领域从业人员的劳动维权工作,并调动广大个私业主、雇员和非正规就业人员参与社会建设的积极性。     

高速经济增长与社会主义优越性

长期以来 ,从理论上一直把超越资本主义的高速经济增长当作社会主义优越性。但这一观点从实践上看弊大于利 ,从理论上讲也有值得商榷之处。高速经济增长不是社会主义优越性并不意味着社会主义不能实现高速经济增长 ,也不意味着社会主义没有优越性。     

First to third nature: the rise of capitalist conservation on Palawan Island,the Philippines

The social relations and agricultural lands that rural peoples in Southeast Asia hold in common are being commodified through the converging pressures of agrarian change, conservation and capitalist development. This paper examines how broader and local processes driving agrarian differentiation have been accelerated through the revaluing of people and nature in market terms to ostensibly finance conservation through development at the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park – the flagship protected area of Palawan Island, the Philippines. Drawing on the notions of ‘first’ and ‘third nature’, I show how the pace and scale of agrarian change between rural peoples has gone ‘fast forward’ with the onset of resource partitioning, objectification, commodification and, ultimately, revaluing through translocal ‘capitalist conservation’, the rise of conservation as capitalist production. I examine how the national park's valuing as a ‘common’ World Heritage has drawn major private sector investments that objectify, commodify and rearticulate the value of nature as capital that finances and merges conservation and development according to the images and ideals of the modern Philippines. The conclusion asserts that while the processes of differentiation and capitalist conservation facilitate the revaluing of nature in market terms, the overall process remains recursive, partial and context dependent.     

非正规就业中的劳动关系和工会工作研究

劳动关系的复杂性、多元性、不稳定性和非规范性是影响非正规就业发展和开展工会工作的一个重要因素。对非正规就业中劳动关系的调整,应从实际出发,采取分类完善的办法,从多方面加强对非正规就业者劳动权益的保护。同时,工会应通过制度创新,吸收非正规就业者加入工会,同时针对非正规就业的特点,开展有效工作,保护非正规就业中的劳动者的权益。     

《公司法》修改对职工民主管理的影响

修改后的《公司法》更加强调公司的社会责任并突破了所有制限制,使非公有制企业实行民主管理有了法律依据;而对于有限责任公司、国有独资公司、股份有限公司中职工代表的比例、产生方式等也作了明确规定;此外公司治理结构的完善也为职工董事监事作用的发挥创造了条件。     

非正规就业的发展与工会运动的变革

在全球就业形势严峻的背景之下,非正规就业作为对正规就业的补充和扩展,受到国际劳工组织和众多国家的倡导和鼓励。但是,非正规就业的发展势必会撼动传统工会运动的群众基础。工会只有采取积极的对策,才能化险为夷。     

非正规就业问题初探

在经济转轨过程中,我国非正规就业部门和非就业人员的数量增多.借鉴国际劳工组织的相关解释,对非正规就业概念进行界定,有利于针对目前我国非正规就业存在的问题,从统计方法上和政策层面上给出对策建议.     

内蒙古非正规就业人员社会保障研究

非正规就业人员随着我国\"全民创业\"的发展必然不断增加,他们的社会保障也是\"全民参保\"的重要内容。总体来看,内蒙古非正规就业人员社会保障面临诸多困境,缴费型的社会保险和非缴费型的社会救助和社会福利都存在问题。应该从社会保险制度改革、社会救助和社会福利制度的完善、劳动技能培训、提高中低收入、发挥行业组织作用等方面来解决非正规就业人员的社会保障问题。     

欧盟非正规就业对工会的挑战

欧盟国家非正规就业的迅速发展,使工会面临着严峻的挑战。非正规就业的增加直接冲击了传统工会的基础,使工会会员的绝对和相对人数都有很大降低;同时,工会领导的劳工运动长期忽略对非正规就业的权利保护,非正规就业工人难以获得与正规就业平等的待遇。因此,欧盟国家工会需要在增加非正规就业会员和就业监管策略两方面做战略性调整,以应对非正规就业的挑战。     

关于新形势下非正规就业问题的研究与思考

非正规就业是我国城镇普遍存在的现象。由于非正规就业的特殊性,我国的非正规就业存在很多问题,要解决这些问题必须切实转变观念,积极引导非正规就业,全面保障非正规就业人员的基本权益,实现体面劳动以及为他们提供智力支持等,并最终促进就业方式的转变。     

互联网普及程度对非正规就业的影响分析

研究基于 2002-2016 年的全国省级面板数据,使用固定效应模型检验了互联网普及程度对非正规就业的影响,发现互联网普及程度对非正规就业比例有显著的负向影响,互联网的普及提高了社会整体的就业质量。进一步使用滞后一期互联网普及程度作为工具变量,两阶归结果表明上述结论仍然成立。此外,为了排除《劳动合同法》对研究结论的影响,本研究使用《劳动合同法》实施以前的样本进行检验,发现互联网普及程度对非正规就业比例的负向影响仍然显著。