Indigenous societies and contemporary politics

Developments in Polynesian Ethnology, edited by Alan Howard and Robert Borofsky. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1990. ix + 374 pp. £26.60. ISBN 0–8248–1181‐X. Melanesia and the Western Polynesian Fringe: Vol. III of Russia and the South Pacific, 1696–1840, by Glynn Barratt. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, 1990. xvii+257 pp., 8 pp. plates, 12 maps. £34.15. ISBN 0–7748–0338‐X. Naga: Cultural Origins in Siam and the West Pacific, by Sumet Jumsai. Oxford University Press, Singapore and Oxford, 1989. 216 pp., 5 tables, 183 figs., 20 col. illus. £23.50 paperback. ISBN 0–19–588949–5. The Hawaiian Calabash, by Irving Jenkins, with photographs by Hugh de Vries. xii + 269 pp., col. and half‐tone plates, illus. £95. ISBN 0–7103–0339–4. New Caledonia: Anti‐colonialism in a Pacific territory (revised edition), by Helen Fraser. Peace Research Centre, ANU, Canberra, 1988. viii+88 pp. ISBN 0–7315–0484–4. Blood on their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific, by David Robie. Zed Books, London and New Jersey, 1990. 313 pp. £29.95 hardback, £8.95 paperback. ISBN 0–86232–864–0 and 0–86232–865–9. Australian Studies: A Survey, edited by James Walter. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Toronto, viii + 326 pp. £16. ISBN0–19–554773‐X. Australian Society, edited by Keith Hancock. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. xiii+258 pp. £25. ISBN 0–521–36161–3.     

领导制度改革与当代中国政治发展

当代中国政治发展正面临着政治整合弱化、利益结构多元化、政治腐败和全球化的多重挑战。以领导制度改革为突破口,推进当代中国政治发展已经成为一项关键性任务。文章提出了我国党的领导制度改革的几点设想：建立对党的权力运作的监督、制约机制;完善领导干部的培训制度;在干部人事制度中引入竞争机制;党的权力运作实现法治化等。     

`Civil society' in Japanese politics: Implications for contemporary political research

Abstract. This article presents a definitional and historical summary of 'civil society' as a western concept, and then traces how it was used in Japanese political theory and practice. 'Civil society' discourse became a familiar term amongst post–war Japanese historians and social scientists in the period 1945–1970, and thus preceded the recent international proliferation of 'civil society' literature in the 'west' from the 1970s onwards. 'Civil society' discourse was politicised in practice in Japan in the 1950s and 1960s, principally in opposition movements wanting to encourage political participation by ordinary citizens. While some 'civil society' discourse in Japan was based on an idealisation of 'western' ideas and practice, it is also the case that the individualism and democratisation implied in 'civil society' discourse has been very differently understood in 'western' countries and very unevenly instituted in their political practice. A simple East–West frame makes significant similarities between Japanese ideas and practice and 'western' concepts and politics disappear, and additionally causes significant differences within the 'west' regarding individualism and democratisation to become invisible.     

Radical-right narratives in Slovakia and Hungary: historical legacies,mythic overlaying and contemporary politics

ABSTRACT

In the last several years, radical-right rhetoric has gained further ground in the political discourse of Slovakia and Hungary. This increasingly overt spiral of tension has been fuelled not only by radical-right actors, such as the Slovenská národná strana (SNS, Slovak National Party) and Jobbik (Movement for a Better Hungary), but also by mainstream parties such as SMER in Slovakia and Fidesz in Hungary. The legitimizing radical-right frames have mostly been founded on politicized historical narratives related to the intertwined processes of nation- and state-building in both countries. Pytlas seeks to describe and analyse this phenomenon, focusing on historical legacies, their mythologized reinterpretations as well as their application to contemporary politics. The debates on the Slovak language law of 2009 and the Hungarian citizenship law of 2010 shall be used as empirical examples of this ‘mythic overlaying’ mechanism.     

中国国际政治学中的中国特色

国际政治学是一门从政治的角度研究国际社会演变及其发展规律学的学科,广义讲,泛指国际政治的理论、历史与现状,包括全球学和地区学：狭义讲,又是一种分支学科,单指国际政治学的理论学科,即综合性、系统性、现实性的理论学科,主要从分支学科的角度论述中国国际政治学理论建设中的一些问题。     

The changing politics of women: gender and political alignment in 11 nations

Abstract. Although there has been considerable research on the changing politics of women in advanced industrial societies, there has been little consistent, cross-national research to identify the sources of these changes. This paper uses closely comparable data collected in 11 countries in the early 1980s to examine gender differences in political alignments. The results show that in 10 of the 11 countries, women are more conservative than men, by differing degrees. The exception is Australia, where women are more leftwing than men. The sources of these gender differences are shown to be differential levels of workforce participation and religiosity between men and women. Once these and other factors are taken into account through multivariate analysis, women follow the Australian pattern and emerge as more leftwing than men in six of the 10 countries. In the remaining four countries, greater female conservatism is substantially reduced once these factors are taken into account. Various explanations to account for these patterns are discussed.     

An overview of the state of research on women and politics in Spain

Abstract. This article is an overview of quantitative and qualitative research on women and political decision-making in Spain. Ten parts of the literature are examined including: government and legislative; public administration; political parties; employers' organizations; unions; pressure groups and lobbies; social movements and NGOs and womens' policy machinery. The future prospects of filling the enormous gaps in the research are negative, given the weak institutionalization of gender studies in Spain.     

The emergence of the entrepreneurial state in contemporary China

As market reform has progressed in China, state bureaux have adapted and become entrepreneurial. This contradicts expectations that states will either simply retreat in the face of encroaching markets to play a minimal role in the economy, or obstruct market‐oriented change through bureaucratic conservatism or rent‐seeking. This paper describes the state entrepreneurialism that has appeared in the Chinese city of Tianjin in the early 1990s and explains its emergence as the consequence of both market‐induced structural transformation and the resultant changing incentives and demands on officials. It proposes the ‘entrepreneurial state’ as a model of state adaptation to marketization and assesses its implications for both our conception of the developmental state and for anticipation of rent‐seeking and resistance to market reform.     

论构建当代中国的发展政治学

科学发展观是当代中国的政治发展观,也是中国政治发展的根本指导思想.要构建当代中国的发展政治学,必须把以人为本作为中国政治发展的出发点和归宿,坚持全面、协调、可持续发展,坚持统筹兼顾,认真研究中国政治发展的目标体系,分析经济、社会结构的变化对中国政治发展的影响,思考中国政治发展的力量结构变动,探索中国民主政治的发展路径与实现机制,探讨发展政治学的研究方法.     

论当代中国对马克思主义人本思想的定位

以人为本的科学发展观提出了要关注人自身的生存与发展,按照人的合理需要矫正方向、调整各种利益;尊重和保障人权;关注人的价值和意义;肯定人在经济社会发展中的主体地位和作用,丰富了人的全面发展理论。这不仅是对我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设认识的深化,同时也是对人类政治文明中的人本精神的深刻反思和理性选择,它恢复了马克思人本主义在马克思主义理论体系中的核心地位,这是当代中国对马克思主义人本思想的定位,更是对当今中国转型期的社会有着极其重要的价值。     

Representing sexuality and morality in sex education picture books in contemporary China

This study conducts a social semiotic analysis of six sex education picture books for preschool children in the People’s Republic of China. Following van Leeuwen’s framework for analysing the discursive construction of social actors, this paper examines two types of social actors directly associated with the education of human sexuality: the physical body of human beings and the institutional, disciplinary body of the family. The analysis of the linguistic and visual representations of the two types of social actors reveals a significant compromise of biosexuality to the complicated psychosexual and sociosexual concerns in the People’s Republic of China. The introduction of biological knowledge about human reproduction is conducted in such a manner that aims to instil the appropriate moral values and behaviours that are regarded as the norm in contemporary Chinese culture as well as ensuring the sound physical and psychological development of young children.     

2010年中国政治学研究综述

前些年,不少学者热衷于介绍和研究西方昙花一现的政治理论,自去年以来,这种追风的现象已经趋冷。2010年的政治学研究主要关注了国家理论、政党理论、政治思潮、民主问题、政治学学科和方法论。由此可以看出,中国的政治学研究进一步向传统的研究主题回归,进一步趋向理性。     

中国化马克思主义政治学理论研究论纲

构建中国化马克思主义政治学理论是不断推进马克思主义中国化、时代化和大众化战略的需要。当前,我国中国化马克思主义政治学理论的系统研究尚不完善,需要加快理论研究和体系建设。本文从中国化马克思主义政治学理论的理论来源、主要内容、基本思路、研究方法和核心范畴等角度,纲要式地说明这一研究领域的历史现状、研究意义、基本观点、构建途径和重点难点,对推动中国化马克思主义政治学理论的创新发展提供了一种的规范性论证。     

Neo(liberal) citizens of Europe: politics,scales, and visibilities of environmental citizenship in contemporary Turkey

The aim of this article is to critically interrogate articulations of environmental citizenship in contemporary Turkey. Specifically, I analyse articulations of environmental citizenship through citizen and activist narratives taken from interviews and focus group discussions. I argue that first, scalar focus on local spaces and individuated responsibility for action that emerge from the narratives are crucial to understand future environmental politics and possibilities in this context. Invoking recent discussions related to the politics and performativities of scale, in particular, allows consideration of the politics of visibility and other consequences of these scalar foci. Second, themes from narrative analysis show key convergences with Europeanization- and neoliberalization-related discourses and shifts. The resonance and overlap between these discourses and practices is significant, particularly as it shows citizen receptivity towards broader ideas related to increased citizen responsibility. As such, the research contributes to efforts to move away from theorization of processes such as neoliberalism as top-down, instead enabling examination of ways that these ideals are taken up, expressed, and refashioned by everyday citizens. The third argument that emerges from the analysis, following from the first two, is the need to theorize power more fully in discussions of environmental citizenship. Bridging with neoliberalism discussions is one possible way to move such a project forward.     

政治进入壁垒与当代的中国政治发展

“壁垒”存在于社会生活的许多领域中。在政治生活中 ,存在“政治进入壁垒”和“政治退出壁垒”。政治进入壁垒有多种构成要素和不同类型。当代中国政治生活中也存在一些政治进入壁垒 ,其中包括一些积极的政治进入壁垒和消极的政治进入壁垒。为推动中国政治发展 ,应消除那些消极的政治进入壁垒 ,适当设置或抬高一些积极的政治进入壁垒     

Japanese women in grassroots politics: building a gender-equal society from the bottom up

Abstract

The 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women highlights the importance of equal participation of women in public life. Since the early 1960s, women in Japan have voted in elections at significantly higher rates than men. However, Japanese women's equal participation in policy formulation and decision making lags far behind major democracies. Gender equality is stated under the Japanese Constitution, but social practices are far from equal. There are no legal constraints on Japanese women's right to candidacy for public office, but they are far underrepresented in local and national elected assemblies. In 1999 an important landmark in the substantial progress towards gender equality took place when the Japanese government, for the first time, legally denounced the stereotyped division of roles on the basis of gender and described men and women as equal partners. An unprecedented amount of legislation, together with policy changes and organizational reform at the national level were introduced from this state-led initiation. In the same year, women's grassroots groups were rapidly moving beyond the reach of policy, organizational, and legal changes; they successfully conducted a major nationwide campaign for ‘More Women to Assemblies¡’ and increased the number of elected women representatives at the local level at an unprecedented rate. The purpose of this article is to assess the potential of increased women's political voices in Japan, which can be seen as an alternative way of solving the problems of political disengagement in the male-dominated representative democracy. To this end, the article examines the course of watershed events in 1999 towards a gender-equal society in Japan, with special emphasis on the importance of grassroots missions in eliminating barriers to Japanese women's political participation.     

Gendering the Holy Cross School Dispute: Women and Nationalism in Northern Ireland

This article explores the Holy Cross school dispute in Northern Ireland from a feminist perspective. This ethnic quarrel produced a situation whereby women and young schoolgirls became the focal point of a sectarian protest from September 2001 to early 2002. Throughout the conflict, issues of gender were sidelined from the analysis of the dispute. The article attempts to remedy this omission by moving the category of gender to the forefront of the analysis. It examines the relationship between nationalist discourses of gender identity and representations of the nationalist women's agency during the dispute. While exposing these dimensions of the conflict, the article also considers the impact of women's ethno-nationalist agency on their role and positioning within nationalist cultures. It concludes that the Holy Cross conflict exposes the potentially disruptive aspects of women's ethno-nationalist agency and highlights the political significance of that agency for nationalist cultures pursuing ideals of gender equality.     

在当代中国坚持邓小平理论就是坚持马克思主义

坚持马克思主义,最根本的是坚持马克思主义的立场、观点和方法;在新的时代条件下,必须不断赋予马克思主义鲜明的实践特色、民族特色和时代特色;在当代中国,坚持邓小平理论,坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系,就是坚持马克思主义。     

宪政视角下的中国公共行政发展

由于现代国家制度建设尚有待完善,我国公共行政学界在追踪西方学术前沿,致力于进行管理主义和政策主义公共行政研究的同时,有必要继续重视并阐发宪政主义公共行政理论。如果我们立足于从宪政视角完善有限政府的制度框架,公共行政发展将会收到事半功倍的效果;如果一味地依赖于管理主义或政策主义公共行政理论,则会事倍功半、欲速则不达。就宪政视角的公共行政规范看,中国有必要加速推进有限政府、法治政府、分权政府、诚信政府和透明政府的制度建设。