Smuggling of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Obligations of Non-State and State Actors under International Human Rights Law

Although trafficking of human beings has been widely regardedas a human rights issue, little attention has been paid to humanrights aspects of smuggling as it is mainly characterised asfacilitation of illegal migration. The purpose of this articleis to demonstrate that smuggling of human beings equally raiseshuman rights concerns. The article begins by exploring the definitionsof trafficking and smuggling and their policy implications.It then highlights some human rights issues inherent in theact by examining its causes, process and consequences. It continueswith an analysis of human rights obligations imposed upon non-Stateand State actors. The fact that non-State actors are not helddirectly accountable under international human rights law pointsto an investigation of legal obligations imposed upon States,and this article examines an obligation to protect victims asan example.     

The Anonymous Matrix: Human Rights Violations by 'Private' Transnational Actors

Do fundamental rights obligate not only States, but also private transnational actors? Since violations of fundamental rights stem from the totalising tendencies of partial rationalities, there is no longer any point in seeing the horizontal effect as if rights of private actors have to be weighed up against each other. On one side of the human rights relation is no longer a private actor as the fundamental‐rights violator, but the anonymous matrix of an autonomised communicative medium. On the other side, the fundamental rights are divided into three dimensions: first, institutional rights protecting the autonomy of social discourses – art, science, religion ‐ against their subjugation by the totalising tendencies of the communicative matrix; secondly, personal rights protecting the autonomy of communication, attributed not to institutions, but to the social artefacts called ‘persons’; and thirdly, human rights as negative bounds on societal communication, where the integrity of individuals' body and mind is endangered.     

The Role of Non-State Actors: A Response to Professor Ryngaert

Netherlands International Law Review - A short article by Professor Ryngaert in an earlier issue of the NILR is here examined and criticised, in particular the suggestion there made that certain...     

Non-State Actors in International Law: A Rejoinder to Professor Thirlway

That we consider the state-based system as best representing the individual is the product of a particular world view. A ‘naturalized myth’ renders inevitable the link between the physicality of the observable landscape and the state as a means of organizing a polity. This myth lingers on in international legal scholarship, although it has been debunked in other disciplines, notably in critical political geography. (Public) international lawyers can learn from their brethren in other disciplines and problematize the territorial state as a contingent political concept. Awareness of the social production of space may allow lawyers to imagine practices of resistance to the spatial status quo, in particular rights of non-state actors in the production of international law, alongside states, and obligations and responsibilities of non-state actors, especially where states have proved unable to properly assume roles of protection vis-à-vis individuals under their formal jurisdiction.

     

也从纳税人的权利和义务谈起--就一些税法新理论求教刘剑文教授

北京大学法学院教授、博士生导师刘剑文同志近几年对税法学提出了一些新理论,比如税收债务说、税法要私法化、国家同纳税人的关系是平等的等等。在前不久“税收宣传月”期间,他从维护纳税人权益的角度,在《中国税务报》上又两次宣传新理念(见《中国税务报》2005年4月6日和4月22日第5版)。他说:“纵览我国宪法,有关税收的条款只有一条,即第56条:‘中华人民共和国公民有依照法律纳税的义务’。而这唯一的一条强调的只是纳税人的义务,而没有体现纳税人的权利。”进而提出只有把税收理解为债,树立国家同纳税人的关系是平等的观念,才能真正解决纳…     

Non-State Actors: Carving out a Space in a State-Centred International Legal System

States have captured the imagination of international legal scholars, to the extent that for a variety of non-state actors (NSAs), statehood may appear to be the ultimate prize. This contribution sheds some light on how the epistemic community has come to venerate the state as the structural embodiment of politico-legal order, as ‘the hero’ in international law narratives and how, nevertheless, NSAs have been allowed to carve out a space for themselves. It is argued that in spite of NSAs’ gradual emancipation, to this very day, the presence of the state continues to loom large in discussions on international legal subjectivity.

     

The Place of International Human Rights Law in the Territorial Non-State Entities the case of Taiwan and Territorial Non-State Entities from the Post-Soviet Space

Liverpool Law Review - The paper seeks to examine whether and on what basis the international human rights law applies to the territorial non-state entities, having as an example the cases of the...     

宪法权利但书与宪法义务

宪法权利但书是对宪法权利的限制,宪法义务是制宪者(人民)要求自己对国家的义务(服从法律)。权利但书与义务在主体、所禁止侵犯的对象以及与权利的关系等方面均有所不同。宪法权利但书与宪法义务都是原则性的,并具有某种程度的重合性。各宪法权利但书形成了整个宪法权利的关系网。作为义务对他人的义务往往伴随着权利及其权利但书;对国家的义务则伴随着国家权力及其权力但书;宪法权利但书中的重要元素——"公共利益"与国家权力密切相关。     

Non-State Actors and Terrorism: Applying the Law of State Responsibility and the Due Diligence Principle

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论收货人及其权利、义务和责任

本文分析了收货人的含义及其与提单持有人等相关概念的联系与区别 ,阐述了收货人在海上货物运输法律关系中的权利、义务和责任 ,在此基础上 ,对我国《海商法》关于收货人的规定提出了相应修改建议。     

论发货人的权利、义务和责任

本文分析了发货人的含义及其特点 ,论述了发货人在海上货物运输法律关系中所享有的权利和应承担的义务和责任 ,在此基础上 ,对今后我国《海商法》第四章修改中关于发货人的法律规定提出了相应立法建议     

论民间表演艺术表演者集体权主体

民间表演艺术表演者集体权是表演者权但有其特殊性。民间表演艺术表演者集体权主体显示出群体性、空间性、一定的传承性。理论界对民间表演艺术表演者集体权主体类型的界定存在诸多争议,其中"群体说"体现了民间表演艺术的民间根基、权利主体法定性、创作主体群体性。考量国际立法原则、行为要素、物理要素,民间表演艺术表演者集体权主体包括国家、民族、种群、种族、传承人、表演者特定群体。外国立法及国际公约有相应规定,我国无明文立法。     

基本权利国家义务是宪政的产物

基本权利国家义务是宪政的产物。人民主权、法治和人权是宪政基本要素。也是国家义务产生的必备条件。国家义务是人民主权的逻辑衍生,只有在以人民主权为基础的宪政体制中,国家义务才能产生。法治为国家义务提供了直接的理论依据和具体运行机制,使国家义务具有现实性。人权是国家义务的价值目标,一旦离开人权,国家义务既不可能也没必要。     

论合同托运人的权利、义务和责任

本文根据航运实践中存在的问题 ,结合国内外立法 ,对中国《海商法》中合同托运人的定义及其应具有的权利、义务和责任分别做了较详细的论述 ,并提出对《海商法》中合同托运人相关条款的修改和补充建议     

人权的革命与革命中的人权——对罗伯斯比尔人权观的重新解读

本文在介绍了罗伯斯比尔关于人权的基本观点后,分析了罗伯斯比尔人权观中存在的内在矛盾,并结合法国大革命的历史背景着重探讨了导致罗伯斯比尔人权理想和人权实践形成巨大差距的原因。本文认为造成罗伯斯比尔人权观的悲剧既与其思想中存在的民粹主义和道德理想主义密切相关,也与那时的人权是一种人权革命后的人权和革命中的人权这一事实有着极为重要的关系。