Constant costs in the public provision of judicial services

The nature of the cost conditions surrounding the provision of judicial services by state and local governments is examined. It is suggested that these services fit Werner Hirsch’s category of horizontally integrated public services and a priori arguments are presented to support the kypothesis that judicial services are provided under conditions approximating constant costs. Empirical tests for the existence. of scale economies are made which yield results consistent with the constant cost kypothesis. Hence, the conclusion is drawn that differences across states per capita expenditures on count systems ane due primarily to variations in demand factors rather than differences in the sizes of judicial systems. This paper was partially prepared under Grant Number 75-NI-99-0037 from the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U. S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are the author’s and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.     

REVIEWS

Brian McKnight, Law and Order in Sung China Ross Cranston and Roy Goode (eds), Commercial and Consumer Law: National and International Dimensions Roger W. Shuy, Language Crimes: The Use and Abuse of Language Evidence in the Courtroom Richard Nobles, Pensions, Employment and the Law Andrew Rutherford, Criminal Justice and the Pursuit of Decency Eric Stockdale and Sylvia Casale (eds), Criminal Justice Under Stress Geoffrey M. Stephenson, The Psychology of Criminal Justice     

Mediation as an alternative to criminal prosecution

In several American communities, paraprofessional mediation has become a substitute for criminal prosecution when defendant and victim have been engaged in a prior relationship. This article describes such a mediation project and its training program. It present a detailed account of two actual mediation sessions. An analysis of these sessions highlights some of the problems in mediating interpersonal disputes, particularly questions about underlying cause and the effects of different perceptions about the role of conflict in human interaction. The article also suggests a series of hypotheses to be investigated in further research on mediation.The research on which this paper is based was partially supported by grant No. 77-NI-99-0019 from the National Institute for Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. The views expressed are those of the authors only. We appreciate the cooperation received from George Nicolau and Ann Weisbrod of the Institute for Mediation and Conflict Resolution and from the staff of the Fosterton mediation project.     

广东省法学会禁毒法律政策研究会2013年学术年会综述

2014年1月7日,广东省法学会禁毒法律政策研究会2013年学术年会在广州市举行,会议主题是"新刑事诉讼法背景下禁毒执法、司法热点问题研究"。会议采取专家论坛与专题论坛相结合的形式,为理论界与实务界两者的契合提供了平台,创新了年会模式。随着新刑事诉讼法的实施,毒品侦查工作面临着严峻挑战与发展机遇,广东毒情严重,网络贩毒、利用物流和快递贩毒、外国人贩毒等成为近年凸显的犯罪形式,毒品案件侦查中证据的收集与运用存在诸多不足,没能形成证据链条,电子证据获取与运用困难,会议就上述几方面展开了热烈的讨论。     

Criminal Justice Statistics—An Evolution

The origins of the Bureau of Justice Statistics and criminal justice statistics in general go back 150 years, but the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice in 1967, along with subsequent panels and commissions, added urgency and specificity to the work to be done to improve our understanding of the operation of the criminal justice system and of crime. Criminal justice statistics have the potential to be used to shape and evaluate specific policies and programs when the statistics are timely, accurate, and relevant to the decisions being made for policy formulation or evaluation. The full development of effective criminal justice statistics on crime and the administration of the justice system can provide for informed decision making and more insightful resource allocation. In this article, I summarize the historical progressions and evolution of criminal justice statistics in light of the changes affecting the justice environment and propose future work.     

Complainants’ Views about Civilian Review of the Police: A Study of the Philippines

In search of effective control of the police, several countries have created civilian review boards. The Philippines recently adopted such an approach by establishing the People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). The board is envisioned to enable citizens to participate in the process of police control. This study examines the perceptions of complainants about the board in a metropolitan area in the Philippines. Using surveys, the study aims to determine the integrity, legitimacy, and efficiency of the board as well as the satisfaction of complainants with the review board. The findings suggest that complainants were highly satisfied with the People’s Law Enforcement Board. Complainants also showed great concern for the legitimacy of the board and the timely resolutions of their cases. In addition, the study confirms previous studies’ findings on the predominant influence of case outcomes on complainants’ satisfaction.

The National Crime Commission Report

In 1965 President Johnson established The Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Its report released earlier this year is highly significant. The recommendations concerning juvenile courts are likely to have strong influence over the next several years and that section of the report follows:     

Marguerite Q. Warren

Abstract

Marguerite (Rita) Warren is remembered as a respected teacher, committed mentor, and good friend. She is perhaps best known, for the experimental study of the Community Treatment Project (CTP). CTP operationalized the Theory of Interpersonal Maturity (I-Level) to provide differential treatment to delinquent offenders. Rita Warren received her doctorate in clinical psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. With graduate school colleagues, she formulated the I-Level Theory. Her focus on correctional treatment began with research on Navy recruits, followed by work with the California Youth Authority, service to the NIMH's Crime and Delinquency Committee, and participation on the Task Force on Corrections for President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice. Academe followed; for 11 years, she was a faculty member at the School of Criminal Justice at the University at Albany. This article is a biography of Rita Warren, focusing primarily upon her career and her research.     

Rethinking the war against hate crimes: A New York city perspective

Francis Allen, The Borderland of Criminal Justice: Essays in Law and Criminology Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1964

Francis Allen, The Crimes of Politics: Political Dimensions of Criminal Justice Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974

Francis Allen, Law, Intellect, and Education Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1979

Francis Allen, The Decline of the Rehabilitative Ideal: Penal Policy and Social Purpose New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981     

环境污水毒品检测技术在禁毒情报中的应用

本文以环境污水毒品检测技术为基础,结合相关法学和统计学理论,为毒品检测技术在禁毒情报的获取中提供了新的应用方式。本文首先介绍了环境污水分析技术的起源以及污水流行病学的研究方法,并对包括样品提取与保存、固相萃取、液相色谱串联质谱法分析在内的污水样品中毒品检测技术手段进行了详细的介绍;进而,对以禁毒情报工作的需求为着力点,通过动态广泛的污水中毒品检测,以大数据的方式获得关于不同种类毒品的时间空间分布情况的方法进行说明论述,充分展现了环境污水检测技术的应用潜力及前景;最后,对此项工作目前在理论和实践中存在的问题与不足进行了简要的汇总和分析。     

Plea bargaining in the Nigerian criminal justice system: A procedural tool for loot recovery or justice administration?

Crime, Law and Social Change - Plea bargaining is one of the procedural tools introduced into the Nigerian Criminal Justice System to ensure quick dispensation of justice, save time and resources...     

Police managers and their perceptions of higher education

The authors investigate beliefs held by police chiefs pertinent to higher education in the United States. Three distinct attitude patterns are derived empirically, which have implications for recruitment, promotion and staffing assignment processes within police departments, as well as implications for law enforcement education. The recommendations of the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice are evaluated in light of the findings.     

Investigating the awareness of virtual and augmented realities as a criminal justice response to the plight of awaiting-trial inmates in Ebonyi State,Nigeria

Crime, Law and Social Change - Despite the reforms in the Nigerian Criminal Justice System (NCJS), the treatment of inmates still falls below standard, with the vast majority of them on awaiting...     

Neighborhoods and police: The maintenance of civil athority

This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the third conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, March 19–23, 1989. The paper was published as G. Kelling &; J. Stewart,Neighborhood and Police: The Maintenance of Civil Authority (National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice-John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Perspectives on Policing Series, No. 10, May 1989).     

Statutory diversion of drunkenness offenders

In light of the recommendations of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice and the National Council of Crime and Delinquency that drunkenness be decriminalized, a study was undertaken to determine the effects of decriminalization on the offender and the criminal justice system in a midwestern city of 100,000. The costs were calculated for handling this type of offender, and police were interviewed for their reactions. It was determined that $136,749 was spent that year on handling drunkenness arrests before decriminalization. After decriminalization, not only was this money freed for other uses, but the police were found to be more adept at using human relations techniques, and the offenders became more responsible for their own well-being.     

Reviews

An Introduction to English Legal History . By J. H. Baker . The Human Body and the Law . A Medico -Legal Study . By David W. Meyers . More Essays in Legal Philosophy . Edited by Robert S. Summers . Local Prisons : The Crisis in the English Penal System . By Richard F. Sparks . Essays on Criminal Law in New Zealand . Edited by R. S. Clark . Lindley on Partnership . Thirteenth edition. By Ernest H. Scamell . Law of Partnership . By Charles D. Drake . Underhill's Principles of the Law of Partnership . Ninth edition by George Hesketh The Law of Partnerships and Voluntary Associations in South Africa . Second edition. By Brian Bamford . Documentary Letters of Credit . By E. P. Ellinger . The Extent of the Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice . By Kenneth James Keith . International Law , National Tribunals and the Rights of Aliens . By Frank Griffith Dawson and Ivan L. Head .     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Lawyers and the Public Interest . A study in Restrictive Practices . By Michael Zander In Search of Justice . Society and the Legal System . By Brian Abel -Smith and Robert Stevens Law Reform: the New Pattern , being the Lindsay Memorial Lectures for 1967. By the Hon . Mr . Justice Scarman Frontiers of Civil Liberties . By Norman Dorsen Freedom, the Individual and the Law . By Harry Street Human Rights in National and International Law . Edited by A. H. Robertson Comparative Constitutional Process : Cases and Materials. By Thomas M. Franck Palmer 's Company Law . Twenty-first Edition by Clive M. Schmitthoff, ll.d . Company Law . By Robert R. Pennington The Investor and the Law . By Robert R. Pennington . Harris 's Criminal Law . Twenty-first Edition. By Anthony Hooper . An Outline of the Law of Evidence . By Rupert Cross and Nancy Wilkins . African Women : Their Legal Status in South Africa . By H. J. Simons Family Law in Asia and Africa . Edited by J. N. D. Anderson Manual of German Law . Volume I: General Introduction, Civil Law. Second completély revised edition. By E. J. Cohn , assisted by W. Zdzieblo The Civil Practice of the Superior Courts in South Africa . Second Edition. Edited by Van Winsen and Thomas (in collaboration with A. C. Cilliers ) American Legal Realism . By Wilfrid E. Rumble , Jr Military Alliances and Neutrality in War and Peace . By Subrata Roy Chowdhury     

Criminal justice faculty and criminal justice students: A case for the missing data

This article reviews the most current criminal justice education research. It examines the interrelationship between the work of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the Joint Commission on Criminology and Criminal Justice Education and Standards, and the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police, and describes and compares some of their more important findings. Discussed are types of criminal justice programs; characteristics of criminal justice faculty, particularly in terms of earned academic degrees; agency work experience; commitment to research and teaching; types of criminal justice curricula, as typified by certain educational philosophies; and criminal justice students. Although this article notes several areas with which future research might become fruitfully involved, the area in need of most immediate attention, and the area that current research has all but ignored, is the criminal justice student.     

中国法律援助事业的发展与前瞻

1994年初，中国司法部提出探索建立法律援助制度，之处开展了两年的试点工作。1996年，司法部根据《刑事诉讼法》和《律师法》中关于法律援助的原则性规定，着手在全国范围内全面推动建立中国法律援助制度。2001年3月，全国人大通过《国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划纲要》，明确提出要‘建立法律援助体系’。