诉讼法视野中的法医DNA证据研究

作为一种科学证据,法医DNA证据在凶杀、性犯罪等案件的审判中被广泛运用。但是该证据能否最终被法庭采纳,取决于其提取、保管、送检以及鉴定过程中是否受到一系列严格的诉讼程序加以规范,并经过庭审的质证,从而最终通过法庭的审查判断。而庭审质证能否有效进行,又与警察、鉴定人出庭作证以及交叉询问制度的真正确立息息相关。     

诉讼法视野中的法医DNA证据研究

作为一种科学证据,法医DNA证据在凶杀、性犯罪等案件的审判中被广泛运用。但是该证据能否最终被法庭采纳,取决于其提取、保管、送检以及鉴定过程中是否受到一系列严格的诉讼程序加以规范,并经过庭审的质证,从而最终通过法庭的审查判断。而庭审质证能否有效进行,又与警察、鉴定人出庭作证以及交叉询问制度的真正确立息息相关。     

Evaluation of DNA Extraction Methods for Processing Fingerprint Powder-Coated Forensic Evidence

In unison, fingerprinting and DNA analysis have played a pivotal role in forensic investigations. Fingerprint powders that are available on the market can come in a range of colors and with specific properties. This study evaluated the efficiency of DNA extraction from samples coated with 3 brands of fingerprint powders: Lightning, Sirchie, and SupraNano, covering a range of colors and properties. A total of 23 fingerprint powders were tested using the Chelex, Promega DNA IQ™, and Applied Biosystems™ PrepFiler™ DNA extraction protocols. The DNA IQ™ and PrepFiler™ methods extracted higher yields of DNA in comparison to Chelex, which also accounted for better quality of PowerPlex x00AE; 21 DNA profiles recovered. There were no signs of degradation or inhibition in the quantification data, indicating that samples returning low DNA yield was due to interference during DNA extraction and not PCR inhibition. DNA profiles were recovered from the majority of fingerprint powders with only a single powder, Sirchie Magnetic Silver, failing to produce a profile using any of the methods tested. A link was observed between the DNA extraction chemistry, fingerprint powder property, that is, nonmagnetic, magnetic and aqueous, and the brand of fingerprint powder. Overall, the DNA IQ™ method was favorable for nonmagnetic fingerprint powders, while magnetic fingerprint powders produced more DNA profiles when extracted with the PrepFiler™ chemistry. This study highlights the importance of screening DNA extraction chemistries for the type of fingerprint powder used, as there is not a single DNA extraction method that suits all fingerprint powder brands and properties.     

Trace DNA Sampling Success from Evidence Items Commonly Encountered in Forensic Casework

Trace DNA analysis is a significant part of a forensic laboratory's workload. Knowing optimal sampling strategies and item success rates for particular item types can assist in evidence selection and examination processes and shorten turnaround times. In this study, forensic short tandem repeat (STR) casework results were reviewed to determine how often STR profiles suitable for comparison were obtained from “handler” and “wearer” areas of 764 items commonly submitted for examination. One hundred and fifty‐five (155) items obtained from volunteers were also sampled. Items were analyzed for best sampling location and strategy. For casework items, headwear and gloves provided the highest success rates. Experimentally, eyeglasses and earphones, T‐shirts, fabric gloves and watches provided the highest success rates. Eyeglasses and latex gloves provided optimal results if the entire surfaces were swabbed. In general, at least 10%, and up to 88% of all trace DNA analyses resulted in suitable STR profiles for comparison.     

植物物证的法医学应用

随着植物物证在案件侦破过程中的作用日益明显,应用植物学研究方法为刑事案件提供线索、证据的"法医植物学"越来越受到关注.法医植物学常用的实验技术有形态学检验、理化检验、分子遗传学检验等.本文通过整理法医植物学研究的相关文献及案例,以列举的形式简要阐述不同检验方法的利弊,总结法医植物学应用中需要注意的问题,供案件现场勘验时...     

2008年度全国法医类、物证类、声像资料类司法鉴定情况统计分析

2008年,司法行政机关在司法鉴定管理工作中贯彻落实中央21号文件精神和全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》,进一步深化鉴定体制改革,促进鉴定管理工作发展。对法医类、物证类、声像资料类＂三大类＂司法鉴定的鉴定机构、鉴定人、鉴定业务情况进行统计分析,以总结经验,指导实践。     

Forensic Evidence in Homicide Investigations and Prosecutions

Even though forensic evidence is collected at virtually every homicide scene, only a few studies have examined its role in investigation and prosecution. This article adds to the literature by providing the results of a study of 294 homicide cases (315 victims) occurring in Cleveland, Ohio, between 2008 and 2011. Through a logistic regression on open versus closed cases, the collection of knives, administration of gunshot residue (GSR) kits, and clothing at the scene were positively and significantly related to case closures, while collection of ballistics evidence and DNA evidence were statistically significant in the opposite direction. With regard to analysis, the clearance rate for cases with probative results (i.e., matches or exclusions) was 63.1% compared to a closure rate of 56.3% for cases without probative results. However, only 23 cases had probative results prior to arrest compared to 128 cases with probative results after arrest.     

字符编码在电子数据司法鉴定中的应用

本文分析了字符的常用编码方法以及如何对各种不同编码方式进行转码和解码，提出了基于字符编码的关键字查询方法，并结合电子数据司法鉴定工作中遇到的实际案例，描述如何通过该方法实现关键字的快速查询。     

论电子证据的司法鉴定

电子证据的司法鉴定面临技术规范和法律规范均不明确的问题.对于电子证据,需要以科学技术的手段确认其真实性、完整性和合法性;在完善司法鉴定机构管理制度和司法鉴定人管理制度,增强电子证据司法鉴定规范性的同时,修改和完善电子证据司法鉴定的启动程序、质证程序和救济程序.     

道路交通事故鉴定中DNA证据价值的正确运用

近十多年来。DNA分析技术发展迅速,具有很多其它法庭科学技术不可比拟的优点,广泛用于刑事案件侦查、民事纠纷解决等。DNA证据被引入道路交通事故鉴定中就是其中一个应用领域。由于DNA证据的获得是一个由人员操作、完成的过程,因此,DNA证据的价值也受多方面的影响。为了规范DNA鉴定结论在道路交通事故鉴定中的应用,通过对办案人员的DNA证据意识、采样、保存和运送生物检材环节应注意的问题等方面,并结合工作实践提出了若干建议。     

电子证据司法鉴定工作初探

随着计算机网络犯罪的增长。如何收集、检验、鉴定电子证据是检察机关在新形势下所面临的新问题。本文在阐述电子证据的特点、采集固定、审查判断的基础上。分析研究了当前电子证据司法鉴定工作的现状，并根据电子证据的独有特性提出检察机关开展此项工作的初步构想。     

Forensic interpretation of Y-chromosomal DNA mixtures

The mathematical concept previously introduced for the forensic interpretation of DNA mixtures using non-associated genetic markers has been adapted to the assessment of haplotypes. Such calculus is required, for example, when Y-chromosomal markers are used in forensics. In addition to outlining the general mathematical framework, we devise two approaches to its practical computational implementation, involving either the inclusion-exclusion principle of probability theory or a recursion in the number of unknown contributors invoked. The two approaches scale differently, depending upon the complexity of the case and the diversity of the markers used. The performance of Y-chromosomal microsatellites (Y-STRs) as a means of trace donor discrimination has been assessed by simulation, using the derived formulas. Based upon data from the Y-chromosomal Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD), the exclusion chance of a non-contributor is shown to vary between 95% in the case of two contributors, and 70% for five contributors. With only one additional contributor, half of all contributing suspects would yield a log-likelihood ratio in favour of donorship of 1.61 or higher, although the median drops to 0.66 with four additional contributors. It must be emphasised that these estimates of the discriminatory power of Y-STRs are likely to be conservative since the simulations involved only haplotypes known to occur in YHRD.     

法庭DNA分析的标准化问题

本文提出当审理案件时,应向法庭呈递可靠的证据。然而,限于科学发展的水平,法庭生物物证检验有时会面临科学的不确定性问题。于是,法庭DNA分析质量控制与质量保证的重要性与必要性问题被提到议事日程上来。各国为此作出许多努力,成立了各种质量控制与质量保证工作组、咨询委员会和审批董事会等,制订了TWGDAM、Fry及Daubert等标准,提出了一些宝贵的建议。十分强调在将DNA测试用于检案以前,必须经过检查,核实及行业评估等各种程序,得到许可后,方可付诸实行,才能确保检测结果准确可靠,才能保证司法公正,才能取信于民。     

言词证据可以作为司法会计鉴定证据

目前在理论界和司法会计鉴定实践中,有关言词证据能否作为司法会计鉴定证据的争议较多.笔者认为,从现实实践的层面来看,还是从法律法规的规定和偿理研究的层面来分析,言词证据都可以并且应当作为司法会计鉴定证据.     

Alu家族在法医DNA分析中的应用

Alu家族是灵长类特有的短散在重复序列,在人类基因组内含量丰富,分布广泛,甲基化程度高,有种属特异性和插入变异,为法医DNA分析面临的许多问题提供了潜在的解决途径。目前,Alu元件在法医DNA分析中的应用包括:DNA定量、种属鉴定、种族鉴定、性别鉴定、个体识别和亲子鉴定,以及全基因组扩增等。本文总结各种基于Alu元件的法医DNA分析技术的原理和特点,探讨Alu元件的法医学研究和应用前景,供相关学者参考。     

DNA分子标记技术在法医植物学中的应用

法医植物学是一门研究与法律事件相关的植物证据的科学。植物物证的DNA分子标记技术是近年来法医植物学研究的主要方向。本文系统地综述了目前应用于法医植物学中的各种DNA分子标记技术，对这些方法的实际应用案例以及可能应用方向进行列举，最后总结出这些分子生物学技术相较于传统植物形态分类方法的优点。     

论法庭证据评估体系的发展

随着法律和科学的发展,人们对部分传统的法庭科学产生了质疑。本文探讨了传统法庭证据检验的弊端和目前国际上法庭科学证据的接纳原则,推出了似然比法庭证据检验评估体系,包括似然比对证据强度的量化方法、检验结论的科学解释方法和法庭识别系统可靠性的评估方法。     

试论刑事诉讼中电子证据的鉴定和运用

随着计算机技术的广泛应用和商务活动的日益频繁,现代科学技术在诉讼证据上的体现——电子证据正逐渐成为一种新的诉讼证据,本文阐述了电子证据的、特点及与传统证据的区别;并就刑事诉讼实践中电子证据的鉴定和运用提出了自己的一些看法。