尸体脏器中几种镇静药物气相色谱/质谱测定的研究

本文应用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)技术,研究了尸体脏器中五种巴比妥酸盐、导眠能、苯妥英的定性和定量分析方法。应用SE-54毛细柱找到了良好分离条件。以安眠酮作内标,建立了定量分析程序。应用这个方法,可在1小时内完成定性分析,检测限为5ng;定量分析的准确度和精密度均为±10％。     

反应动力学推断死亡时间可行性的研究

目的探讨利用反应动力学方法推断死亡时间的可行性。方法15头家猪随机分为3组，每组5头，心内快速注射10%氯化钾溶液将其处死，尸体分别置于5℃、15℃、25℃环境条件下，每分钟测量一次直肠温度，持续30 h，将测得的尸体温度减去设置的环境温度，利用反应动力学方法对温差数据进行计算，通过拟合线性回归方程进行分析。同时利用一级反应动力学方法对Marshall研究的人体尸温数据进行分析，推导出人体死后尸温冷却速率常数及死亡时间计算公式，将公式运用于实际案例，并与Henssge公式进行比较。结果不同实验组，家猪死后尸温与环境温度间温差-ln(C/C₀)的线性决定系数均在0.9以上，接近于1，与时间t呈较好的相关性。人体死后尸温冷却速率常数约为0.068 4，死亡时间推断公式为：-ln{(T_尸体-T_环境)/(37.2-T_环境)}=K{t-(2-3)_平台期}，案例1该公式计算的死亡时间误差小于Henssge公式，案例2该公式计算的死亡时间误差稍大于Henssge公式。结论稳定条件下，家猪死后...     

根据C_3转化率和尸体肛温推断死亡时间

本文观察了不同温度条件下,人血中C_3转化率的变化情况。在14个尸解案例中,根据C_3转化率和尸体肛温推断死亡时间,其95％可信区间为±11小时。测定C_3转化率的同时,还可以观察C_3的表型,为无名尸体的个人识别提供依据。     

尸体温度与环境温度间温差的冷却动力学特征

目的 参照反应动力学方法,研究尸体温度与环境温度间温差（简称“尸温差”）的冷却动力学特征。方法 将30只家兔随机分为5组,每组6只,心内快速注射10%氯化钾溶液,处死后将尸体分别置于5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃环境条件下,每分钟自动测量一次直肠温度,持续20 h,将测得的尸体温度减去环境温度,利用反应动力学公式对尸温差数据进行计算,通过拟合线性回归方程进行分析,并将实验结果应用于人体死后尸温差数据进行验证。结果 不同环境条件下,家兔死后尸温差-ln(C/C0)的线性决定系数均为0.99,与时间t呈较好的线性关系,人体死后尸温差数据应用情况与动物实验结果一致。结论 稳定条件下,家兔死后尸温差冷却过程属一级动力反应,该方法同样适用于人体死后尸温差变化规律的研究。     

尸温与死后时间的研究进展

利用尸温推测死亡时间,是最常用的方法之一。但是,由于尸温的下降受到尸体内外诸多因素的影响,推测出来的死亡时间误差过大,影响其单独应用。但与其它方法相比较,它仍有很大的优越性,如仅靠温度数据就能作出死亡时间的推测。为了使其优越性充分发挥作用,国内外不少学者对尸温的下降规律进行了大量研究,将误差缩短到2小时以内,有的甚至缩短到1小时之内。为此,本文就尸温的研究与应用进展扼要综述如下: 1 尸温下降的原理 生活状态的人体,由于产热与散热的动态平衡,维持着机体温度相对恒定在一定的范围内,如腋窝温度在36.0～37.4℃;口腔温度在36.7～37.7℃;直肠温度在36.9～37.9℃。     

常温下迟发性尸僵二例报告

<正> 尸僵,作为一种早期尸体现象,一般在死后1～3小时出现,本文报告2例较少见的,于常温下10多个小时开始出现尸僵的案例。例1 刘×,男,33岁,石工。于某日深夜起床到屋后小便未归,次日晨发现其死于屋后竹林边,经查死者起床到屋后小便时,同室人员曾听见“扑咚”一声响,似人倒地的声音,此时距尸检时已约15小时,当日气温6～15℃,     

温度对尸体角膜内皮细胞活性率的特征参数的影响

推断死后经过时间,以往常用的方法有：测量尸体直肠温度,采用多元回归方程计算法［1～3］;利用尸体现象、胃内容物的消化程度等。这些方法因受到体内外诸多因素的影响,容易产生较大的误差。近年来的研究发现,角膜内皮细胞活性率随死后经过时间的延长而逐渐降低。国内外对这方面的研究已有过不少报道［4,5］。本文提出反S型曲线模型,对在不同温度下的尸体角膜内皮细胞活性率进行模拟,从而利用特征性参数的变化,提出推断死后经过时间新的方法或手段。1材料与方法资料数据来自文献［4］。用下列公式计算出角膜内皮细胞活性率（ECLR）…     

尸体血液中乙醇质量浓度的分析评价

血液中乙醇质量浓度是分析评价机体内乙醇水平的重要证据,由于尸体内检测到乙醇可能受死后生成、乙醇扩散等因素影响,尸体血液中乙醇质量浓度检测结果未必能反映其死亡时机体内乙醇的真实水平。鉴别尸体内乙醇是否为原始浓度是分析评价的关键。本文对乙醇在体内的分布特点、如何合理取材及死后乙醇扩散、尸体腐败产生的乙醇对乙醇质量浓度分析的影响进行了综述,并对死后乙醇质量浓度检测的分析评价策略进行了讨论。     

256例命案尸体死亡时间推断的回顾性分析

目的探讨降低死亡时间推断误差的方法。方法收集常州市和南京市2003年1月一2013年1月256例已破命案．采用传统方法进行死亡时间推断,与破案后获得的实际死亡时间进行比较,并根据死亡时间进行分组,计算死亡时间推断准确率,分析判断错误原因。结果早期尸体死亡时间（≤12h和13～24h）推断准确率分别为90％、89％,晚期尸体死亡时间（1—7d、1～2周、3～4周、1～6个月、7～12个月和1～5年）的推断准确率随时间的延长下降,分别为79％、76％、83％、79％、60％和50％。推断方法不当、水中尸体、极端温度、客观依据不足、抛尸以及变动或破坏现场是影响死亡时间推断准确率的常见因素。结论综合参考多项指标可降低死亡时间推断的误差。     

“尸热”现象初探

目的探讨在特定条件下尸体腐败过程中温度变化的规律,为解决死亡时间的推断提供科学依据,同时观察蝇蛆在尸体上所经历的温度变化,探寻其变化特点和规律为法医昆虫学检验提供依据。方法在深圳不同季节放置猪尸于室外的草地上,温度计探头分别置于舌下及插入直肠约5cm深处。分别观察记录口腔和直肠的温度,死亡第1d每小时测定尸体温度1次,从第2d开始每天定时测定3次。尸体上蝇类昆虫(成虫和幼虫)的发生情况逐日进行观察记录。在实验室观察恒温下不同蝇蛆滋生密度对猪肝块温度的影响。将初孵幼虫按不同密度分别接于新鲜的50g猪肝上,插入温度计,使温度计探头与猪肝块充分接触,再置于24℃的生化培养箱内饲养。在同样条件下,设立未接入初孵幼虫的猪肝块作为对照组。每天分别测定记录5次,然后对测得的结果进行统计。结果蝇蛆滋生可显著引起尸体温度上升,春季最高约上升8℃,夏季最高可上升22℃;升温主要集中在蝇蛆聚集的部位;蝇蛆滋生引起猪肝块温度上升的幅度较小,一般仅为数度;随着滋生密度的增加,升温幅度增加。结论蝇蛆活动可引起尸体温度上升,从而影响昆虫发育历期。凡有蝇蛆滋生的尸体均不能忽视"尸热现象"。     

The theoretical aspects of the time dependent Z equation as a means of postmortem interval estimation using body temperature data only

It has been clearly demonstrated that the rectal cooling curve does not obey Newton's Law, which is exponential. The first success in modelling rectal cooling mathematically was achieved by Marshall and Hoare [1]. An amendment was made to the simple exponential curve which led to a good mathematical model, exhibiting the three main sections of rectal cooling, i.e. lag, linear and quasi-exponential. The resultant method of postmortem interval estimation required a knowledge of the body mass and height. The present study has led to a totally different amendment to Newton's Law, which provides a means of postmortem interval estimation from body temperature data only. The derivation of the method, with a background on Newton's Law follows.     

在大鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中TGF-β_1基因及蛋白表达变化与损伤时间关系的实验研究

了解细胞因子在创伤及修复过程中的表达变化与损伤时间的关系。初步调查生前不同造创时间 ( 0 5h～16 8h)皮肤创缘组织在修复过程中TGF β1mRNA和蛋白质表达变化 ,并与死后伤 ( 0 5h～ 6h)上述变化进行比较。结果表明 ,在生前伤 ,TGF β1在上皮细胞的表达于损伤后 0 5h开始增强 ,以 2 4h～ 96h反应最强 ,除上皮细胞内表达外 ,还在肉芽组织的巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞表达。TGF β1的免疫印迹 (WesternBlot)分析表明 ,TGF β1蛋白表达的峰值在 16 8h ;TGF β1斑点杂交和原位杂交结果显示 ,mRNA的表达在伤后 3h开始 ,6h后明显 ,96h达峰值。死后损伤组在 0 5～ 3h内有免疫组化的弱～中度表达 ,但无mRNA的表达 ,3h后则均无任何表达。TGF β1在修复过程中的一些规律性变化及特点反映了与损伤时间的关系 ,可作为精确推断损伤时间的分子生物学标志。     

Time of death of victims found in cold water environment

Limited data is available on the application of post-mortem temperature methods to non-standard conditions, especially in problematic real life cases in which the body of the victim is found in cold water environment. Here we present our experience on two cases with known post-mortem times. A 14-year-old girl (rectal temperature 15.5 degrees C) was found assaulted and drowned after a rainy cold night (+5 degrees C) in wet clothing (four layers) at the bottom of a shallow ditch, lying in non-flowing water. The post-mortem time turned out to be 15-16 h. Four days later, at the same time in the morning, after a cold (+/- 0 degrees C) night, a young man (rectal temperature 10.8 degrees C) was found drowned in a shallow cold drain (+4 degrees C) wearing similar clothing (four layers) and being exposed to almost similar environmental and weather conditions, except of flow (7.7 l/s or 0.3 m/s) in the drain. The post-mortem time was deduced to be 10-12 h. We tested the applicability of five practical methods to estimate time of death. Henssge's temperature-time of death nomogram method with correction factors was the most versatile and gave also most accurate results, although there is limited data on choosing of correction factors. In the first case, the right correction factor was close to 1.0 (recommended 1.1-1.2), suggesting that wet clothing acted like dry clothing in slowing down body cooling. In the second case, the right correction factor was between 0.3 and 0.5, similar to the recommended 0.35 for naked bodies in flowing water.     

First practical applications of eye temperature measurements for estimation of the time of death in casework. Report of three cases

This paper presents first three successive cases of death where at scene measurements of the internal eyeball temperature soon after death allowed to precisely estimate the times of deaths based on this data (33.1°C, 32.2°C and 29.5°C, respectively), which were later confirmed during the police investigation. Simultaneously the rectal temperatures in all three cases were measured and appeared to be between 36.3 and 36.8°C-reflecting a living individual's body temperature. Thanks to a significantly faster postmortem decrease of the eye temperature and a residual or nonexistent plateau effect affecting the eye, using the formula developed in previous comprehensive studies in pigs, the time of death in real cases could be estimated with good precision: 1 h 33 min, 2 h 24 min and 3 h 17 min since death respectively. The actual TOD established during investigation appeared to be: between 1 h 30 min and 1 h 50 min in case 1; 1 h 55 min in case 2 and between 2 h 55 min and 3 h 05 min in case 3. Such precise estimation, mainly due to the plateau effect lasting up to a few hours, could not have been done based only on rectal temperature, commonly measured in forensic practice.     

Response of short tandem repeat systems to temperature and sizing methods

In capillary gel electrophoresis (CE), changing run conditions such as temperature can result in minor variations in the size determination of an allele. These effects are caused by secondary structure differences that can occur between the amplified sample and the internal standard. The type of method chosen to generate the sizing curve in STR analysis can influence the relationship between estimated allele size and temperature. To better understand the effects of temperature and sizing method on the reproducibility of DNA migration, two fluorescently labeled allelic ladders, CTTv and Y-PLEX 6 were analyzed using the ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer. The default method on the Genetic Analyzer utilizes an electrophoretic temperature of 60 degrees C and a Local Southern method to generate a sizing curve from the fragment migration times of the internal lane standard. In this work, electrophoresis was conducted at 35-70 degrees C using the commercially available POP 4 buffer at pH 8 and two sizing methods, Global Southern and Local Southern, were compared. The slopes of the regression line between estimated allele size and temperature, using either sizing method, were measured in order to demonstrate the temperature sensitivity of migration time and the importance of the operator-chosen method. Our results indicate that the Global Southern method is a better choice in situations where temperature fluctuations can occur. In addition, the temperature dependence of the DNA size estimates using the POP 4 system were compared to results obtained using an experimental buffer consisting of 3% hydroxyethylcellulose at pH 11. These results demonstrate that secondary structure effects are minimized at an elevated pH, increasing the precision of size estimates obtained.     

小鼠皮肤切创IL-10和IL-4的表达及其与损伤时间关系

目的　探讨IL 10、IL 4在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中的表达变化规律及其与损伤时间的关系。方法　应用免疫组织化学及图像分析技术 ,观察实验小鼠不同时程的生前伤 ( 0 5～ 168h)及死后伤 ( 1～ 6h)皮肤创伤局部IL 10、IL 4的表达情况。结果　生前伤 ,IL 10在伤后 1～ 3h阳性反应逐渐增强 ,3h达峰值 ,2 4h降至较低水平 ,伤后 48h再次升高 ,72h又达新峰值 ,其阳性表达部位主要在表皮细胞及单核 /巨噬细胞 ;IL 4于伤后 2 4h出现明显阳性反应 ,96h表达水平达峰值 ,168h仍维持在较高水平 ,其阳性细胞主要为创伤局部的成纤维细胞。死后伤 ,IL 10仅于死后 1～ 3h呈阳性染色 ,IL 4未见阳性染色。结论　IL 10、IL 4在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中的表达呈现一定的时序性变化。     

Identification of the unidentified deceased: turnaround times, methods, and demographics in Fulton County, Georgia

CONTEXT: Multiple methods may be employed in an attempt to identify deceased individuals who are unidentified when reported to the medical examiner or coroner. The success and turnaround times of various methods differ. OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of deaths initially involving unidentified individuals, their demographics, the methods used and turnaround times for cases in which identification was successful and the portion of cases that remain unidentified for significant periods of time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective case review of all decedents who were initially unidentified when death was reported to the Fulton County Medical Examiner in Atlanta, Georgia, during a 1-year period between May 2003 and May 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate per 1000 deaths which involved an unidentified decedent, tabulation of methods used to make identifications, and rate of cases remaining unidentified. RESULTS: Of 2279 deaths reported to the office, 100 were originally unidentified, resulting in a rate of 44 unidentified decedents per 1000 deaths reported. Those who remained unidentified involved 6 cases, resulting in a "cold case" rate of 2.6 per 1000 deaths. Seventy-eight percent were identified within 2 days, and the most common successful methods were visual identification (52%) and fingerprints (31%). Dental (10%), x-ray (4%), and other methods (6%) were least commonly used. Of the 94 persons identified, all identifications occurred within 29 days. DNA procedures were not needed in most cases, and in the few cases where such tests were needed, results were either unavailable or failed to show a match with known samples. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of unidentified deceased individuals were identified within 2 days, with visual verification or fingerprints accounting for about 83% of methods successfully employed. The medical examiner noted a rate of 44 unidentified deceased persons per 1000 death reports, with an ultimate "cold case" (long-term unidentified) rate of about 2.6 cases per 1000 death reports. These data may be useful in developing office policy and procedure regarding the procedural and temporal aspects of investigations centered on achieving identification and making dispositions of unidentified deceased bodies.     

高效价鸡抗人精液血清的制备和应用

本文介绍一种制备高效价鸡抗人精血清的方法。给10只2kg 以上的公鸡同时静脉和肌肉注射5～10％混合人精液7～8次,获得特异性很强,效价达50,000倍左右的抗血清。通过实验和检案证明,对由于腐败污染、水浸或水洗而含微量精斑的检材,均能检出。     

A Nonlinear Least Squares Approach to Time of Death Estimation Via Body Cooling

The problem of time of death (TOD) estimation by body cooling is revisited by proposing a nonlinear least squares approach that takes as input a series of temperature readings only. Using a reformulation of the Marshall–Hoare double exponential formula and a technique for reducing the dimension of the state space, an error function that depends on the two cooling rates is constructed, with the aim of minimizing this function. Standard nonlinear optimization methods that are used to minimize the bivariate error function require an initial guess for these unknown rates. Hence, a systematic procedure based on the given temperature data is also proposed to determine an initial estimate for the rates. Then, an explicit formula for the TOD is given. Results of numerical simulations using both theoretical and experimental data are presented, both yielding reasonable estimates. The proposed procedure does not require knowledge of the temperature at death nor the body mass. In fact, the method allows the estimation of the temperature at death once the cooling rates and the TOD have been calculated. The procedure requires at least three temperature readings, although more measured readings could improve the estimates. With the aid of computerized recording and thermocouple detectors, temperature readings spaced 10–15 min apart, for example, can be taken. The formulas can be straightforwardly programmed and installed on a hand‐held device for field use.     

Estimating the Time of Death in Domestic Canines

Abstract:  Because 36.1% of U.S. households have dogs, the time of death (TOD) of dogs at crime scenes can be useful to forensic investigators. However, there are few published studies based on postmortem changes in dogs. This study, conducted indoors in still air at approximately room temperature, monitored the postmortem reduction in rectal, liver, brain, and aural temperatures in 16 dogs for 32 h after death. Graphs of temperature reduction were prepared to estimate the TOD of dogs within the first 32 h postmortem. Sex, body mass, and hair coat density did not affect the rate of body temperature reduction, but increased body weight and volume slowed it. Rectal temperature was the most convenient, reasonable site for measuring body temperature. Vitreous humor potassium ion concentration [K⁺] was measured in both eyes at c.  1.5 and 7 h after death. Both eyes had the same [K⁺] when measured simultaneously, and [K⁺] increased after death.