社会资本对非政府组织发展的影响研究——以农民用水户协会为例

文章以农民用水户协会为例,研究社会资本影响非政府组织发展的内在机理.研究发现,较高水平的内聚型社会资本是非政府组织成功的主要因素,而桥接型和连接型社会资本不仅是组织的外部资源,而且会推动组织内聚型社会资本的产生.因此,通过增加内聚型、桥接型和连接型社会资本投资,可以形成社会资本内在良性互动,强化非政府组织内部成员之间以及组织与利益相关者之间的信任与合作,以达成集体行动,促进非政府组织的持续健康发展.     

地方政府和社会资本合作风险防范机制研究

近年来,政府与社会资本合作在治理地方政府债务问题、提升公共物品供给效率等方面发挥了积极作用,但其爆发式增长也使得地方政府面临不断增加的风险,包括决策风险、财政风险及企业违约带来的风险。地方政府应通过建立项目评估体系、加强财政承诺管理、完善绩效监管制度及发展二级交易市场等方面的积极努力来构建政府风险防范机制,促进政府与社会资本合作模式的规范化发展,实现地方政府与社会资本合作中的多方共赢。     

政府购买视角下的社会组织发展路径思考

政府购买作为维系政府与社会组织合作的重要方式,是我国公共服务制度的重大创新,也是社会组织发展的重要契机。目前我国政府购买社会组织服务还面临诸多现实困境,应从以下几方面着手完善社会组织发展:一是构建政府与社会组织的良性合作环境;二是突破体制困境,改革社会组织管理体制;三是增强社会组织自身能力,提高公共服务质量;四是调整布局结构,提高社会组织服务供给能力。     

基于社会三元结构的中国企业社会责任反思

企业利益与社会利益矛盾的日益凸显和社会期望的提升，使中国企业的社会责任问题越来越引起全社会的关注，然而在现实中，它的推行却出现了困境。在社会三元结构视角下，地方政府基于GDP的压力易与利润最大化的企业达成同谋，而我国公民社会发育不成熟，很难形成三方的有效制衡。促进企业社会责任建设，要加强中央政府对地方政府的监管，使地方政府自身运作规范，并充分理解和重视企业在我国社会中的角色和处境，企业应具有企业公民的意识，并大力培育和发展NGO，通过政府、企业、社会三方的互动合作，促进中国企业社会责任建设，实现共赢。     

社会资本:连接公民社会与协商民主的桥梁

公民社会作为介于国家与个人之间的社会正式和非正式的团体和网络,对于协商民主的实行具有重要的意义.而社会资本在增进信任、促进互惠合作及参与网络的实现方面具有特殊的功能,它能够引导、整合不同利益、增进矛盾各方的信任、化解各方面的冲突.国家和社会之间的社会资本,能够很好沟通、平衡和发展协商民主参与者之间的关系,促进公民与公民、公民与团体、公民与政府之间的信任、合作与协商.因此,社会资本是连接公民社会与协商民主的桥梁.这就要求我们激发和培育公民的公共精神,增强公民间信任关系;构建协商民主的公共领域,培养公民的参与意识和能力;培育第三部门和民众自组织网络,构建公民参与网络的新载体,从而为协商提供良好的社会资本基础.     

社会组织参与公共服务的机制研究

随着人们生活水平的逐步提高,社会公共服务需求快速增长,单靠政府已经无法满足公众的需求,需要社会组织承担以往政府不能、不宜和无法有效提供的公共服务。因此,在我国全面深化改革和社会转型的大背景下,分析社会组织参与公共服务的现状和困境,提出完善社会组织参与公共服务的保障机制如下:完善相关政策、法规,建立社会协同机制;提高社会组织的服务质量,完善监督评估机制;促进公共服务社会化,完善政府购买机制。     

政府购买社会组织公共服务的三重机制与变革路径

政府购买是公共服务供给改革的重要途径。政府购买社会组织公共服务,融合创新了政府机制、市场机制、社会机制的优势,并呈现出新的供给机理和特征。在当前我国地方政府购买社会组织公共服务实践中,三重机制的作用发挥存在不少问题与困境,制约了政府购买的效果和公共服务质量的提升。基于三重机制的问题分析,在购买社会组织公共服务渐进改革的推进中,要加强购买社会组织公共服务中的政府引导,完善购买社会组织公共服务的相关制度,以增进竞争为核心提升公共服务供给的市场化程度,以促进社会组织发展为核心增强公共服务社会化供给能力,以理性的社会参与扩大购买社会组织公共服务的社会基础。     

社会资本投资:区域经济发展的新动力

除物质资本、人力资本及自然资本之外,社会资本也是影响区域经济发展的重要因素。社会资本有利于降低交易成本、促进企业间的信任与合作;有利于区域内产业集群的形成;有利于增强区域整体的创新能力。因此,政府在关注区域有形资本和人力资本的投入时,也要致力于社会资本的培育和建设。具体而言,地方政府应加强信用制度供给,培育创新、信用、合作、开放的区域文化,加强商会、行业协会等民间组织的作用,创建区域与外界交流的平台,加强区域对外沟通交流。     

社会影响力债券模式下的养老服务合作治理

老龄化社会的迫近使我国养老社会服务供给面临巨大压力,倡导多元合作供给,创新理论、方法和实践已经成为解决我国老年社会服务问题的必由之路.在文献研究的基础上,创新性地利用社会影响力债券这一方兴未艾的社会治理工具,联结政府、市场和社会组织,使三方共存于同一个利益诉求整合、平等磋商协作的框架下,能够为我国社会养老服务的合作治理提供更高效的供给模式和更稳固的合作模式.以老年健康服务为例,基于社会影响力债券的运作理念,构建社会影响力债券的合作模式,关键是需要以政府、市场、社会组织与评估机构共同为主体;以实现提供高质量的养老健康服务、节省政府开支、提高资金效率为目标;以第三方评估和数字物联网技术实现过程涵盖式的结果控制.同时,坚持基于成功结果导向的付费机制,倡导互信,维护多元互益的合作机制.基于社会影响力债券的养老服务合作治理模式能为破解社会养老困局提供参考.     

社会资本视域下社会治理的困境

在社会资本与社会治理结构关联的基础上,重点分析社会资本存量不足、传统社会资本的负面效应、社会组织发展滞后等社会资本缺失造成的社会治理困境,并提出整合社会资本,推动社会治理的具体路径。     

Investigating the influence of social costs and benefits of environmental policies through social capital theory

The level of effectiveness of an environmental policy depends to a significant degree on the level of acceptance and cooperation of citizens. The relevant literature indicates that social capital may significantly influence environmentally responsible behaviour connected with the implementation of an environmental policy. In this context, the present article aims to further explore this field by introducing the issue of non-economic social costs and benefits imposed from environmental policies. In particular, it is supported, both theoretically and empirically, that social costs and benefits may influence the decision of individuals to cooperate and comply with an environmental policy and thus may be a significant indicator for environmental behaviour. Furthermore, these social costs and benefits may differ among individuals and are influenced by social capital elements. Consequently, through the article the need of exploring social capital prior to environmental policy implementation is underlined along with the need of creating social capital assessment techniques.     

Embeddedness and the Articulation of Capital Interests in Norway

This article focuses on organization of capital interests comparatively across sectors and does so by developing an explanatory framework linking organizational patterns to incentives for individual strategies. The key argument is that variations in the political organization of capital interests across sectors, and the linkages between state and capital interests, reflect different degrees of embeddedness. Underlying the embeddedness hypothesis is the notion that the organization of capital can be seen as an alternative to governance through market processes. Organization may replace market governance either by constituting an alternative to internal self-regulation or by channelling regulatory functions through cooperation with public authorities. A set of hypotheses are developed concerning the relationship between degree of embeddedness on the one hand, and organization of capital interest organization and the interface between state-industry, on the other. The overall picture is that we find support for the crux of our argument, but there are important modifications. As for functional differentiation of capital interests we find, in accordance with OUT hypothesis, that highly embedded capital is associated with organizations that have a broad set of functions. Transient capital, on the other hand, has comparatively less stable ties to production systems as well as other social relations, and is thus more difficult to control organizationally. Concerning vertical integration, our hypotheses is only partially supported Looking at the interface between state and economic organizations in the primary sectors and non-embedded sectors such as finance and insurance, we find the data quite in accordance with our hypotheses. Cases with a medium level of embeddedness do not, however, fit our hypotheses as well as the sectors at the two extreme ends.     

提升社会治理效能:社会企业生产要素社会性变革及其制度优势

社会企业通过市场机制参与社会治理的行动根植于经济嵌入社会的关系之中。生产要素本身具备多种属性和功能,长期以来商品经济理论对生产要素的单向商品化使用,造成了经济与社会、文化等非商品化属性的隔离。正如波兰尼所言,土地作为自然存在,劳动力和企业管理者作为社会人,本身并不是生产出来供销售的商品,资金使用的信用、信任和合法认可也不能作为商品去生产。因此,重新审视经济行为的目的,可以发现社会企业的发展动因。社会企业以社会企业家精神为内生动力,以企业家管理才能为社会目标通向经济行动的镶嵌通道,通过制度创新改变社会问题,并运用社会管理技术系统提升社会治理效能,将组织的制度优势转化为社会治理效能,对推动良性社会运行具有积极的作用。     

The utility of bonding social capital

Abstract

In most studies of social capital, bridging social capital is emphasized as ‘good’ for democracy and economic performance. It is rarer to find studies showing that bonding social capital can bring positive effects. Mostly, bonding social capital is either overlooked or depicted as the ‘villain’ that leads to ethnic conflict, intolerant behaviour and poor economic and democratic development. In this article, it is argued that this picture needs to be revised. If we assume that bonding trust is a negative force for development and democracy, we ignore a substantial portion of the political history of the West. Also, new empirical evidence from India suggests that bonding social capital is related to good governance. High levels of bonding trust cannot only facilitate political cooperation. They may also work as a shield against public sector employees who attempt to exploit citizens in a corrupt or clientelistic manner. The conclusion drawn in the article is that the view of social capital as a prime mover with inherent normatively attractive qualities should give way to a perspective where social capital is more properly regarded as an intermediate variable where the way it is combined with, or interacts with, other factors determines outcomes.     

社会管理体制改革中的社会协同问题研究——以社会资本理论为视角的探讨

在市场经济条件下,传统以政府为主体的社会管理体制暴露出许多问题,寻求政府、市场和非政府组织在社会管理领域的均衡点,实现社会管理体制改革中的社会协同问题成为社会关注的焦点。在我国社会管理体制走向多主体,多元化治理的社会管理新模式背景下,实现社会公共事务治理中各系统、各部门、各阶层的协同必将成为社会管理体制改革的关键所在。20世纪90年代兴起的社会资本理论,为改革与创新社会管理体制,实现社会协同提供了一个新的研究视角。     

Public Service Motivation,Organizational Social Capital,and Knowledge Sharing in the Korean Public Sector

This article investigates whether public service motivation (PSM) and organizational social capital predict knowledge sharing in the public sector. The hypothesized relationships in the proposed model are verified with the online survey data of 506 public employees in Korea. The test results show that the two dimensions of PSM (attraction to public service and commitment to public values) and the trust component of organizational social capital are both positively related to knowledge sharing in the Korean public sector, and that the associability component of organizational social capital is indirectly associated with knowledge sharing through its influence on PSM. The article discusses the ways that PSM and organizational social capital may contribute to overcome the social dilemma of knowledge sharing in public organizations. It also suggests that there is need for further research on the individual dimensions of the PSM construct.     

Representative Bureaucracy: A Lever to Enhance Social Equity,Coproduction, and Democracy

Scholars and practitioners have long questioned whether the race, ethnicity, and gender of public bureaucrats matter to the efficacy and legitimacy of public services. Representative bureaucracy theory and research provide a growing body of empirical evidence that it does. This article examines some of the rich scholarly work that has been generated on representative bureaucracy and its implications for practice. A significant aspect of recent research focuses on the notion of symbolic representation, whereby the mere existence of a passively represented bureaucracy can itself improve outcomes by influencing the attitudes and behaviors of clients, regardless of bureaucratic actions or results. This article is intended to help both students and public managers understand the importance of representativeness in public organizations for a broad spectrum of practices and goals, from the coproduction of services to democratic rule.     

Social Capital and Endogenous Preferences

In this paper we analyze whether social capital can emerge endogenously from a process of preference evolution. We define social capital as preferences that promote voluntary cooperation in a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma game. We investigate how the endogenous preferences depend on the amount of information individuals have about each other’s preferences. When there is sufficiently much information, maximal social capital emerges. In general, the level of social capital varies positively with the amount of information. Our results may add to an understanding of the factors that determine a society’s ability to generate cooperative outcomes.     

Exploring Social Capital: as Concept and Practice in Australian Public Health Policies and Programs

Over the past twenty years interest has grown in the concept of social capital in international and Australian public policy. We explore how social capital is understood as a concept and used in practice for guiding policy development and program delivery in South Australian public health programs. The empirical research compared policy makers’ and practitioners’ understandings of social capital and how theories about social capital and health inequality were translated into practice in three case study projects. It found that there are shifting discourses between social capital and related concepts, including community capacity building, and social inclusion/exclusion. Policy makers reported less use of the concept of social capital in favour of social inclusion/exclusion reflecting changing political and policy environments where terms come into favour and then go out of fashion. In this transition period the two terms are often used interchangeably although there are some conceptual points of difference.     

中国大学生职业获得影响因素分析——基于西部地区三所高校的实证研究

本文通过对中国西部地区三所高校大学生职业获得的调查数据分析发现:社会资本和人力资本对大学生求职意向具有显著影响作用;在求职途径中社会资本充裕的大学毕业生更倾向于使用直接关系求职;就求职结果而言.人力资本相对于社会资本对求职结果具有显著的决定性作用.这一研究结果表明,人力资本和社会资本对大学生的职业获得有显著的影响作用,同时也表现出两者对不同职业获得作用的差异性.