政府采购法基本原则探析

对《政府采购法》所确定的公开透明、公平竞争、公正、诚实信用原则作了概括阐述并逐一分析,阐明这些基本原则设计的控权倾向和公私法性质结合的特色,并且具体分析了每一基本原则的含义、作用、相关实践的欠缺,进而分别给出运用各个原则的相关建议,强调必须充分发挥这些基本原则的各种作用,以达到规范权力和促进诚信的当前要务。     

现代国际海洋环境保护法之基本原则考量

现代国际海洋环境保护法律的完善首先需要完备的基本原则。但是 ,各国关于现代国际海洋环境保护法律的基本原则理解各不相同 ,国际公约对此规定亦不尽相同。笔者认为现代国际海洋环境保护法律基本原则体系应由可持续发展原则、国家主权原则、国际合作原则、合理分担责任原则及和平、公正、及时解决争端原则构成 ,并阐述了各基本原则应涵盖的主要内容 ,以期促进现代国际海洋环境保护法律制度的完善。     

法国公证法律制度的基础理论与实践

公证制度史与证据制度发展史是紧密相联系的,在大陆成文法传统和证据法律制度的发展史中,书证替代口头证据起到了关键性的作用。在这一方面,法国也是如此。人们甚至说:是法国在现代公证法律制度中创造了公证制度和证据制度相互促进的范例,更引领了公证法律制度完善的现代性形成的进程。在法国法律体系中,公证法律制度以“以静治动”的方式维持着现代法治社会的财产权明确和交易安全的法律秩序——自由主义国家所诉求的基本秩序;但这种制度又无时不在自我完善以回应社会变革和商业社会的诉求,在整个国家法律制度的发展框架中,在社会变迁的外…     

条约冲突的基本问题及其解决方法

条约冲突一方面表明了当代国际法旺盛的生命力,另一方面也会对国际法的进一步发展产生消极影响,因此研究条约冲突及其解决对国际法治建设有着积极意义。条约冲突的产生与国际法不成体系有着密切的因果联系。在各种类型的冲突中,有的可以采用诸如特别法优先原则来处理,有的可以通过条约解释规则加以消弭,有的则可以设置明确的冲突条款来避免。国际法的不成体系,使得解决条约冲突的方法也可能是不成体系的。综合运用各种冲突解决方法,是国际法对解决条约冲突的必然要求。     

行政程序立法及其基本原则

新世纪以来,人们对民法典立法的意义讨论较多,认为制定民法典是我国市场经济进一步发展所必需,是完善我国社会主义法律体系的必要步骤。这自然是完全正确的。但是,人们对行政程序法典立法的意义讨论却较少。在一些人看来,制定行政程序法典虽然必要,但必要性和迫切性似乎不及民法典,似乎可以把制定行政程序法典这件事往后推一推,放一放。这种认识是不正确的。行政程序法不仅对于我国市场经济建设有如同民法一样的意义,而且对于我国社会主义民主政治建设(包括权力制约和人权保障)有为民法所不及的更深远的意义。就市场经济涉及的社会关系而言,…     

从一起商标侵权案谈商标权与商号权的冲突

本案足一起典型的知识产权权利冲突的案件,近几年,关于商标权与商号权冲突的案例层出不穷,其类型大多足在后的商号权侵犯了在先的商标权,本案所涉及的案例则不同.通过判决,法官清楚地表明了对在先权保护的基本原则,划分了合理使用在先商号权与非合理使用的界限.这个案件涉及的许多问题值得大家思考,比如在先权的保护范围,处理知识产权权利冲突的原则等.     

The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Conflict: Constitutional Supremacy in Europe before and after the Constitutional Treaty

Abstract:  One of the core constitutional questions for national constitutional courts in the EU in the past decades has been whether to accept the claim made by the Court of Justice that EU law is the supreme law of the land, taking primacy even over conflicting national constitutional provisions. With the inclusion in the recently adopted Constitutional Treaty of a clause explicitly confirming the 'primacy of EU Law' appearances suggest that the EU is about to establish a characteristic of mature, vertically integrated, federal states such as the USA. This article argues that this view is mistaken. It develops a comprehensive jurisprudential framework for addressing constitutional conflicts, 'Constitutionalism Beyond the State' (CBC). CBS detaches the discussion of supremacy and constitutional conflict from a statist framework; provides a jurisprudential account that explains and justifies the highly differentiated, context-sensitive and dynamic set of conflict rules that national courts have in the past adopted; and provides the lacking theoretical basis for the more attractive, but undertheorised sui generis accounts of European constitutional practice that have recently gained ground in the literature. CBS provides a jurisprudentially grounded reconstructive account of why the issue of constitutional conflict is as rich and complicated in Europe as it is and why it is likely to remain so even if the Constitutional Treaty is ratified. The article then goes on to make concrete proposals addressed to national constitutional courts and the Court of Juctise respectively about how, in application of the developed approach, constitutional conflicts ought to be addressed doctrinally. It includes a proposal to read the new 'constitutional identity' clause as authorising Member States as a matter of EU Law to set aside EU Law on constitutional grounds under certain circumstances.     

The Bosphorus Ruling of the European Court of Human Rights: Fundamental Rights and Blurred Boundaries in Europe

The recent case of Bosphorus Airlines v Ireland provided theEuropean Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with an opportunity torefine further its relationship with the EU. In particular,the ECtHR was called upon to clarify when States could be heldresponsible for actions taken under the banner of the EU. Thisarticle examines the status quo prior to the Bosphorus judgment,and then scrutinises the judgment itself, focusing particularlyon the use and scope of the doctrine of ‘equivalent protection’to determine State responsibility. The doctrine as outlinedin Bosphorus is applied to some likely scenarios involving EUaction and its relative merits and disadvantages are discussed.The article also briefly addresses the further global implicationsof the judgment, namely for the legal accountability of theUN Security Council and the ongoing issue of responsibilityof international organisations under international law.     

The Syntax of Principles: Genericity as a Logical Distinction between Rules and Principles

Much has been said about the logical difference between rules and principles, yet few authors have focused on the distinct logical connectives linking the normative conditions of both norms. I intend to demonstrate that principles, unlike rules, are norms whose antecedents are linguistically formulated in a generic fashion, and thus logically described as inclusive disjunctions. This core feature incorporates the relevance criteria of normative antecedents into the world of principles and also explains their aptitude to conflict with opposing norms, namely that their consequents are fulfilled to varying extents more frequently than those of rules. I conclude that the property of genericity should be predicated to the norm antecedent of principles, more precisely to the hypothetical action. This is of paramount importance to explain, in terms of logical implication and exclusion, the expansibility of competing principles, in contrast with the exclusive character of conflicting rules.     

The Revitalization of Islamic Penal Law: An Examination of Its Opponents

There is an increasing interest today in reestablishing Islamic Penal Law in most Middle East countries. The majority of the population apparently favors this change. There are, however, a minority opposed to such changes. This paper examines how those opposed to reinstituting Islamic Penal Law differ from others based on data gathered from 600 respondents in Kuwait. The findings indicate that those most opposed to such a change are the upper or upper middle class. They apparently are opposed not only to reestablishing Islamic Penal Law but also are less orthodox Muslems. They have had considerable more contact with the Western world but are a small but important minority in their society.     

权利冲突的研究现状、基本类型与处理原则

中国的权利冲突研究经历了产生、反思、深化三个阶段,当前仍存在着抽象的理论研究与具体层面的研究脱节及研究道路不足等缺陷。同种类型权利间的冲突与不同类型权利间的冲突是权利冲突的基本分类方法。处理权利冲突,应坚持私权利优先于公权力、社会公共利益优先等原则。     

试析应收账款受让人与破产管理人的权利冲突

保理中的应收账款转让属于一般债权让与。在供应商破产的情况下,保理商对应收账款的权利与破产管理人的权利发生冲突。美国破产法和《统一商法典》对应收账款转让的调整值得我国破产法借鉴。根据我国破产法的规定,应收账款一般不应作为破产财团,破产管理人不应享有对保理合同的撤销权,保理合同应当继续履行。对该等权利清偿顺序的确定需要建立应收账款转让的适当公示程序,并应当进一步完善破产法中的相关规定,建立一般与例外以及对例外进行限定的完整制度。     

National Constitutional Jurisprudence in a Post‐National Europe: The ESM Ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the Disavowal of Conflict

In its pending decision on the constitutionality of the European Stability Mechanism and Fiscal Compact, the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) has recently ruled on several applications for temporary injunctions against the transposition of these instruments. The problem of democratic self‐determination under the constraints of monetary integration has been a main concern in the ruling. Yet, the democracy‐safeguards the FCC has prescribed are parochial in not considering their impact on other EU Member States, and the Court's view of autonomy is skewed towards the issue of spending. Both concepts are at odds with the current level of transnational interdependence, which the FCC as relay to ‘integration by stealth’ has facilitated during two decades of EU‐jurisprudence. Constitutional jurisdiction should acknowledge its role in this state of affairs and fortify its effort in building judicial networks of deliberative exchange to overcome outworn parochialisms.     

"军官"与"法官"的角色冲突--军事法官着装断想

自从我国法院审判人员统一换装以来,尤其是见到中、高级法院法官开庭时身着代表正义的黑色法袍时,笔者就不禁联想到军事法院审判人员(一般称军事法官)的着装问题。首先要说明的是,到目前为止,军事法官开庭时仍然身着军装,配戴着带有强烈等级色彩的军衔肩章。对于这种没有引起任何质疑、似乎天经地义的现象,笔者从自身的军法行业出发,还是想说点什么。或许,军事法官穿什么本身并不值得讨论,但问题并非仅仅如此。法官制服不仅象征着法官的形象,而且象征着一个国家的法治形象,不同的着装其实隐含着对法官职业的不同认识。贺卫方教授就曾将法官…     

在先著作权与商标权冲突案件若干问题探析——湖北汉光公司诉浙江湖电公司等侵犯著作权纠纷案评析

当著作权与商标权发生冲突时,著作权人可以选择以侵犯在先著作权为由直接到法院起诉或者向商标评审委员会申请撤销侵权注册商标。法院审理此类权利冲突案件的基本原则是诚实信用、维持公平竞争和保护在先权利,司法界与学术界对于此类权利冲突案件如何适度保护问题争议很大。     

主权原则在网络空间适用的理论冲突及应对

当下关于网络空间主权原则适用的论战主要集中于"间接适用论"与"直接适用论"之间。前者弱化主权原则地位,与国际法主流和传统背离,有助长网络霸权之风险,但因自有其论证逻辑,为美英官方所青睐。后者内部也存在相对适用路径与绝对适用路径的分歧。相对适用路径未能充分展现其相对于"间接适用论"的优越性,无法排斥其存在,绝对适用路径目前主要体现于官方政策中,相关理论支撑不足。我国应在绝对适用路径下坚持网络空间主权的直接适用论,同时深入探究网络空间本体,积极研究主权的概念与法理、不正当干涉原则的内涵外延及低烈度网络空间行为的规制,为抢占历史机遇期,提升本国网络实力和发展和平友好的网络空间环境发挥应有作用。     

Groups in Context: An Ontology of a Muslim Headscarf in a Nazareth Catholic School and a Sephardic Ultra‐Orthodox Student in Immanuel

Two separate Israeli Supreme Court cases permitted a Christian school in Nazareth to exclude a Muslim student who insisted on coming to school with her headscarf, and denied an Ashkenazi ultra‐Orthodox school in Immanuel permission to exclude Sephardic students. Intriguingly, the Israeli Supreme Court reached these apparently contradictory holdings using the same liberal ideals of equality and commonality. The article analyzes both holdings to show that the Court's resolutions cannot stand on their own terms. To reconcile these outcomes, we must locate the groups involved within the religious and ethnic power structure in Israel and determine the legal and social significance of defining the group as a minority or a majority. In general, we should be more tolerant of exclusionary measures practiced by a minority than those practiced by the majority. Ultimately, a constitutional evaluation committed to basic individual freedoms cannot refer to the individual without her or his group.     

刑事自由裁量权与刑法基本原则关系研究

刑法基本原则不但是制定、解释和适用刑法的准则,而且体现了刑法的基本精神。刑事自由裁量权是刑法适用过程中普遍存在的一种权力。罪刑法定原则并不排斥刑事自由裁量权,罪刑法定原则认可以严格规则为主、以自由裁量为补充的立法模式。自由裁量权对适用刑法人人平等原则有一定的冲击,所谓的适用刑法人人平等实际上是包括了自由裁量因素在内的相对意义的人人平等。罪责刑相适应原则,在本质上确认法官的刑事自由裁量权,罪责刑相适应原则与法官的自由裁量权具相辅相成性。     

新时期乡村关系冲突的成因分析

在现行“乡政村治”格局中,以乡镇党政机构为主要组织形态的乡政权与以村民委员会为主要组织载体的村治村之间存在着不同程度的冲突或矛盾,引发和加剧乡村关系冲突的因素,包括规范化的制度供给短缺,乡镇政权地位与功能的特殊,村委会双重角色的失衡,乡政村治拥有的资源不对称等。