WTO贸易政策评审机制浅析

WTO的调整手段主要有:谈判机制、争端解决机制和贸易政策评审机制。其中,谈判机制是形成WTO诸协议、规则的主要手段;争端解决机制是解决成员方间贸易纠纷的主要手段;贸易政策评审机制是监督成员方贸易政策,使WTO各协议、规则得以遵守和履行并及时纠正成员方偏离WTO规则的各项政策的主要手段。三大机制之间相互影响相互作用,共同促进WTO法律体系平稳和有效的运作。因此,贸易政策评审机制在WTO中占有十分重要的地位。一、WTO贸易政策评审机制及其意义WTO贸易政策评审机制是乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的产物,是在1988年乌拉圭回合谈判的…     

金融自由化与审慎监管的国际规则论析--以GATS为中心的研究

本文对《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)及其金融服务附录中有关自由化、审慎措施、以及发展中国家特殊待遇等规定进行了研究 ,指出这些协议在贯彻服务贸易自由化的原则的同时 ,兼顾到金融服务业的特殊性质而赋予成员方较多的监管权力 ;同时考虑到处于不同发展阶段国家的现实情况 ,为发展中国家作了灵活的规定。文章在此基础上提出了中国金融开放与监管所应该做出的政策选择。     

论WTO农产品补贴争端案对我国的启示

农业补贴是发达国家进行农业保护、干预农产品贸易极为重要的手段.在世界贸易自由化和各国加大农业支持的背景下,农产品贸易成为世界贸易最为敏感和关注的领域之一,农产品贸易争端愈演愈烈,农产品贸易也成为多哈回合各成员方争议和关注的焦点.因此,研究如何通过运用wTO中的争端解决机制来解决国际农产品贸易补贴争端,对我国农业补贴政策的完善具有实践意义和理论意义.     

世界贸易组织的职能与机构

世界贸易组织的职能 WTO协定第3条第1款规定:WTO应为本协定和多边贸易协定的执行、管理、运作和进一步目标的实现提供方便,并对多边贸易协定的执行、管理和运作提供框架。 必须指出,WTO协定及其多边贸易协定,从法律性质上讲是国际经济法的一个组成部分,它调整的是各成员方的贸易政策而不是商人的具体贸易行为,这不仅涉及到各成员方贸易政策中有关进出口产品的关税税收、卫生检疫措施、贸易技术壁垒、原产地规则、进口许可证程序等各方面的关系,而且包括服务贸易、投资措施、知识产权保护     

发展中国家对华反倾销的现状、原因及对策探析

近年来,发展中国家对华反倾销急剧增加,成为困扰我国外贸发展的重要因素。针对发展中国家不合理的反倾销制度环境和保护政策,以及我国反倾销不利和贸易结构缺陷,文章提出建立反倾销预警机制,通过积极应诉和加强交流合作等措施来解决问题。     

论WTO贸易政策评审机制与中国的应对策略

贸易政策评审机制是WTO的重要组成部分,它对中国贸易政策的制定具有非常重要的意义。但是中国在参加评审时面临着各种问题,尤其是关税立法、知识产权的保护、服务贸易以及政府的职能等各方面。本文针对这些问题进行了深入的分析,有针对性提出了中国在今后参评时所应该采取的策略。     

论WTO争端解决机制对发展中成员方的待遇

WTO争端解决机制中关于发展中成员方特殊和优惠待遇的条款为贸易争端解决提供了一个公开,公正和公平的场所以及灵活而不失有效性的合作机制。本文首先对DSU中关于发展中成员方的特殊优惠待遇条款进行了分析,论证发展中成员方实际上并没有得到真正的特殊优惠待遇,最后提出一些完善WTO争端解决机制的建议。     

律师事务所法律服务质量管理初探

众所周知,中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)给中国带来了“机遇和挑战”,同样也给中国的律师法律服务市场带来了“机遇和挑战”。关于这方面的论述和讨论已不乏精辟之作,本文试图从笔者所在的律师事务所在管理体制上的一些探索,来讨论如何面对一个前所未有的开放的、竞争的法律服务市场。一、加入WTO对法律服务市场和律师事务所管理体制的冲击。WTO《服务贸易总协定》(TheGeneralAgreementOnTradeServices)第一部分第1条第2款将服务贸易定义为:a在一个成员方境内向任何其它成员方境内提供的服务;b在一个成员方境内向任何其它成员方的服务消…     

WTO与我国行政公开

WTO规则主要是行政法规则,主要是对行政主体及行政行为的要求。它要求政府在国际贸易中履行自己的承诺．WTO中的透明度原则要求各成员方将有效实施的有关管理对外贸易的各项法律、法规、行政规章、司法判例等迅速加以公布,以让其他成员方政府和贸易政策经营者熟悉;各成员方政府之间或政府机构之间签署的影响国际贸易政策的现行规定和条约也应加以公布;     

WTO与我国行政公开

WTO规则主要是行政法规则，主要是对行政主体及行政行为的要求。它要求政府在国际贸易中履行自己的承诺。WTO中的透明度原则要求各成员方将有效实施的有关管理对外贸易的各项法律、法规、行政规章、司法判例等迅速加以公布，以让其他成员方政府和贸易政策经营者熟悉；各成员方政府之间或政府机构之间签署的影响国际贸易政策的现行规定和条约也应加以公布；     

The Case for a Multilateral Agreement on Competition Policy: A Developing Country Perspective

Although the issue of trade and competition policy has beendropped from the Work Programmes of the Doha Round of WorldTrade Organization (WTO) negotiations, it continues to be discussedin other fora and may return to the WTO after the completionof the Round. This article assesses the case for an agreementfrom the perspective of developing countries. It begins by reviewingthe ‘development dimension’ of the WTO debate andthen examines three specific antitrust issues that were of considerablerelevance to developing countries but were not pursued: exportcartels, anti-dumping and intellectual property rights (IPRs).There follows a critical assessment of the empirical and theoreticalarguments for the kind of agreement that was being advocatedto deal with international cartels. Alternative proposals, involvingdeveloping countries ‘outsourcing’ antitrust enforcementto developed countries, are also sceptically examined, as isthe relevance for developing countries of the kind of competitionpolicy that is currently in place in developed countries. Finally,a general approach to international trade agreements suggeststhat developing countries had nothing to gain from the proposalthat was on the table, and the article concludes by proposinga range of more suitable alternatives.     

WTO贸易政策评审机制功能论

国内外学者对TPRM性质和评审标准的认定存在分歧,引发了对TPRM功能的不同认识。TPRM基本功能应当是“三位一体”,即贯彻WTO的透明原则,落实WTO的监督机制和体现执行WTO的规则。它与DSM并驾齐驱,构成了多边贸易体制有效运转的两个监督体系。厘清TPRM功能对完善我国对外贸易政策与贸易法律制度具有重要启示。     

WTO贸易政策的透明度要求：法律原则与中国实践

透明度原则是WTO的基本原则之一,它不仅蕴含在多边贸易体制之中,也贯穿于成员的承诺之中,它强调贸易措施的及时公开与可以获得。WTO贸易政策审议机制和争端解决机制是透明度义务履行的两套保障体制。已有的WTO贸易政策审议报告对中国贸易政策透明度的改进给予了一如既往的肯定,但也指出仍有很大改善空间。争端解决实践表明,中国现行的某些贸易措施与WTO透明度原则要求仍有一定差距,潜在的纠纷依然存在。对透明度原则和相关案例进行具体分析,这将有助于更好地认识这一原则的内涵和中国自身完善的目标．这也是法治建设的应有之义．     

Technology Transfer: An Opportunity for Small Open Economies

In this paper, crucial aspects of technology transfer are considered from the perspective of a small open economy with a predominantly small and medium-sized enterprise structure. The paper uses empirical data from an investigation which prepared the ground for developing a model for the active support of technology transfer in Austria. Experience from technology transfer strategies in other European countries was introduced and integrated in the formulation of policy proposals. These proposals are valid for a broad range of different technologies, while taking into account the possibilities and limitations of technology transfer policy in small open economies.     

Greening Industry Without Enforcement? An Assessment of the World Bank's Pollution Regulation Model for Developing Countries

The best comparative and overview source now available for knowledge about pollution regulation in developing countries is the 2000 World Bank policy research report called Greening Industry . The World Bank finds that there is a new model for pollution regulation in lower- and middle-level income countries that is an alternative to "traditional" command and control regulation. The new model stresses flexible norms and nonstate pressures on regulated enterprises coming from communities and markets. This article presents an investigation into this new model. It finds that the prevalence of weak law enforcement may undermine the new model's potential to control pollution in developing countries. It also contends that social and market pressures only occur under certain circumstances often not found in lower- and middle-level income countries. Therefore, the article concludes that developing countries require smart mixes of various regulatory instruments appropriate in the given state and nonstate regulatory capacities, instead of contrasting state and nonstate regulation.     

The rise and decline of Israel’s participation in the global organ trade: causes and lessons

Why would a country choose to actively take part in the illicit organ trade, and later reverse course and cease that participation? The article answers this question with respect to Israel, where patients in need of a transplant received public funds to allow them to purchase organs abroad. I argue that the Israeli policy of financing “transplant tourism” resulted from the pleas of desperate patients facing a local organ shortage, combined with cost-saving considerations. Yet pressures from the Israeli and international medical community, together with media reports, led to a legislative prohibition on the trade in organs—a prohibition that has sharply reduced the outflow of patients. The article highlights the main influences that motivated Israel’s policy change, including concerns for the country’s international reputation, and offers lessons for other countries where organ trafficking flourishes.     

TRADE‐OFFS IN FORMULATING A CONSISTENT NATIONAL POLICY ON ADOPTION*

Just as the courts must consider the trade‐off between the best interest of the child and parental rights in involuntary termination of parental rights, policy on international adoption must consider the trade‐offs between the best interest of the child and the long‐term interests of the nation. We argue that countries that suspend international adoptions do not maximize social welfare. A consistent national policy to maximize the well‐being of the children and society at large would be to devote resources today to the oversight of international adoption in accord with child protections under the Hague Convention, while at the same time developing a domestic system of care that provides for the physical and developmental needs of orphaned children in the context of permanent families.     

Free trade agreements for the environment? Regional economic integration and environmental cooperation in East Asia

Traditionally, it has been argued that increased economic competition through free trade agreements would bring about environmental degradation. This study, however, argues that recent international free trade agreements have tended to enhance environmental cooperation among participating countries. This study has examined the process by which East Asian countries have developed mechanisms for the extant level of regional environmental cooperation, particularly highlighting the reasons for commonalities and differences in regional environmental cooperation between ASEAN and the dominant economies in the region. It finds that three factors particularly matter for developing regional environmental cooperative mechanisms: networks of intergovernmental organizations, the strong willingness of political leaders which is often embodied in national strategies for regionalism and the establishment, and the institutionalized linkage—particularly through FTAs—between trade and the environment. Tracing the process of policy evolution within three groups of countries sheds light on the political conditions under which the four entities involved (the ASEAN, Japan, China, and the Republic of Korea) have produced and strengthened cooperative environmental mechanisms among them along with free trade agreements. Focusing especially on the environmental policy changes in Japan, China, and the ROK associated with the creation of its FTAs with ASEAN, the study concludes that each of free trade agreements has incrementally developed environmental cooperation, especially when integrated into a vision for regional integration.     

中美贸易救济制度比较及反思

随着经济全球一体化脚步的加快,国际贸易的发展势头也愈来愈强劲.全球化这把双刃剑在给融入国际贸易体制的国家尤其是发展中国家带来更多机会的同时,也不可避免地带来了新的风险与不公平.近年来,国际贸易救济规则不公平竞争、贸易壁垒、贸易保护主义势头愈发猛烈.;因此,对中关贸易救济制度进行比较,为我国贸易救济制度的完善提供可借鉴的经验,是法学界的重要研究课题之一.     

Economics and Law of Works of Art in the Single European Market

This paper is concerned with the economic analysis of the European rules on the circulation of works of art. After reviewing the relevant literature, an economic framework of the international circulation of works of art is provided (social goals, efficiency and distributive aspects, an economic rationale for a general free trade rule integrated by selective protectionism). Using this framework the European system of circulation of works of art—resulting from the combination of the Maastricht Treaty with Regulation 3911/92 and Directive 93/7—is analysed. The main results of the analysis are: 1) the general free trade principle ruling the Single European Market is strongly limited by rules protecting national artistic heritages of member states; 2) this protectionism—working towards countries both outside and inside the European Union—is applied according to the national laws of each member state, while, contrary to what the Maastricht Treaty would call for, an artistic heritage of European significance is not defined and no autonomous role is recognized in this field to European Institutions; 3) this system shows some inconsistencies with economic theory, as strict limits to trade are not provided when they should be required by the preservation of the physical or artistic integrity of works of art, while in other cases an unduly restrained trade may derive from highly protectionist national laws and export-licencing policies of member states. Enforcement provisions are also analysed and some proposals to improve the system are advanced.