互联网挑战传统著作权制度--兼论著作权合理使用制度在网络空间中的新形式

互联网的无地域性和信息共享性挑战传统著作权制度中著作权的地域性和专有性。为了解决它们之间的冲突,设立世界著作权集体管理组织是一种重要考虑。在网络空间,著作权合理使用也存在新的形式,"技术措施合理限制制度"是其中一个十分重要的制度。     

The right of reputation in the Internet era1

Protecting one's reputation has arguably become harder in this time of YouTube, ‘blogs’ and mobile phone cameras. The simple truth is that it is easier to get ‘caught’ doing something inappropriate and it is easier for people to publish defamatory materials. This article is a somewhat eclectic selection of issues of particular significance to the right of reputation in our modern Internet-based society.     

An Analysis of Institutional Change in the European Union

Institutional change is guided by rules. In the European Union these rules are given by Art. 250–252 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. We analyze these articles as games in extensive form and characterize and compare the equilibria of these games. The analysis identifies the decisive actors and the conditions under which it comes to institutional changes in the European Union. In addition we analyze the tendencies for centralization inherent in these decision procedures as well as their ability to guarantee conflict-minimizing compromises between the institutional actors. We show that the historical evolution from Art. 250 over Art. 252 to Art. 251 implies an improved position of the European Parliament. Contrary to part of the literature we show that the move from Art. 250 to Art. 252 may have important consequences for the policies to be implemented and that the move from Art. 252 to Art. 251 improved the position of the European Parliament. Hence, our model is able to resolve the empirical anomalies resulting in conditional-agenda setting model by Tsebelis and therefore points to the importance of the sequential structure of the decision procedures.     

版权制度与新媒体技术之间的裂痕与弥补

传统的版权法制度是属于新媒体技术之前的法律制度,其特征是制造稀缺、专家法律制度以及国家主权特征明显。但是新媒体的特征是媒体充裕、消费者多重角色以及作品传播的无国界化。这使得传统的版权法制度与新媒体之间产生了明显的裂痕,这种裂痕的存在导致版权权利人、新媒体与消费者之间产生了严重的紧张与冲突。目前有三种尝试来试图弥补这一裂痕:一是改造新媒体,通过技术手段使新媒体的这三个特征得到消减或者控制;二是修改版权法,使新的版权法适应新媒体环境;三是通过建立新的商业模式,尤其是广泛使用法定许可制度来消弱三者之间的冲突。但是,这三种尝试至今都不是非常成功,因此,如何应对版权法制度与新媒体之间的裂痕还需要进一步研究与观察。     

我国互联网灰色产业链分析及其法律应对措施

在互联网成为国家经济重要组成部分的同时,互联网上的各种灰色产业链也随之兴起而不断发展,对国家网络信息安全、互联网经济等带来不可忽视的影响,给法律上如何应对也带来了新的挑战。因此,研究分析当前主要互联网灰色产业链的流程、危害、特点等,采取相应措施,加强公民个人信息的法律保护,对推进我国整体信息安全法律体系建设具有重要意义。     

互联网环境下的国际民商事管辖权

受互联网的影响,国际民商事管辖权规则发生了改变,即行使管辖权的依据由主要考查人的被动隶属关系向主要考查人的主动性行为转变。这种新思路值得肯定,但管辖权的确定性仍未得以实现。互联网管辖权的最终确立需要国际协调,因此,我国应倡导国际民商事管辖权的正确的价值导向,为建立公平合理的管辖权规则而努力。目前,国际民商事管辖权的具体标准受技术、经济等因素影响,正在逆境中发展,但未来仍然光明,国际民商事管辖权将在技术支持与保证下获得新的地域规则。     

网络图书馆下版权问题新思考

网络和数字化技术的进步打破了传统版权法建立的平衡 ,特别是网络图书馆的建设 ,使传统图书馆所适用的版权理论受到质疑。因此 ,探讨网络图书馆所涉及的版权问题便成为当务之急。本文论证了在新的传播技术下 ,传统合理使用规则应受到必要的限制 ,版权所涉及的权利亟待重新配置。     

比较法、因特网与法律趋同化

比较法具有无穷的魅力,可以促进法律和人类的进步。有学者认为比较法的目的是创建共同法,但这种观点过于理想化。将比较法的目的定位在促进法律趋同化是较为合理的。法律趋同化具有历史必然性,而比较法可以促进法律趋同化走势的加强。因特网为比较法研究提供了丰富的法律资料,使比较法得到了蓬勃发展,从而使法律趋同化走势达到了前所未有的高度。同时,因特网本身促进了各国文化的趋同,这从另一方面推动了法律的趋同化。     

互惠与国际法规则的形成——博弈论视角的考察

互惠在国际法的形成,以及保障国际法的约束力上所具有的重要作用很多学者已有论及。但既往的研究主要在经验层面上加以描述,并未进入科学层面。近年来博弈论引入国际法的研究,为揭示国际法规则的实质开辟了新的视角。学者们对互惠的含义理解并不相同,帕瑞斯从博弈论视角对互惠的内涵以及它与国际法之间关系的见解深刻。他在对社会存在的五种博弈模式进行研究的基础上,把互惠分为结构性互惠、诱导互惠和随机互惠三种。这些互惠模式在缺乏中央权威的国际关系中,可以导致不同形式的合作,形成不同的国际法规则。可以说,互惠构成了国际关系中的元规则。不过,互惠也并非能解释国际法一切规范的形成,强互惠所产生的利他行为就难以在互惠的框架内加以解释,而这却解释了像维护人权和国际共同利益这类对某些国家来说并非有益的价值和制度的生成。     

YouTube时代的美国网络著作权问题新探

网络时代,美国的著作权问题也面临着许多前所未有的挑战和冲击。著作权人疲于花费大量时间和全钱来控制网络著作权侵权行为的发生,而用户生成内容的网络盛行,是否也应封用户上传到网站上的侵权内容负责？此类纲站在“安全港湾”的庇护下,著作权人如何才能捍卫自己的权益？著作权人的权益与社会公来的合理使用权之间的矛盾该如何平衡？笔者拟以案说法,探讨依法解决美国当今网络著作权问题的新途径。     

论网络环境下期刊著作权的保护

实践和理论研究中期刊著作权常常被忽视,网络环境下期刊著作权的侵犯问题与此不无关系.期刊著作权人以期刊整体为客体享有人身性与财产性著作权.期刊著作权不是双重主体,期刊社或期刊的主办单位是期刊著作权主体.当前互联网的发展使侵犯期刊著作权更加容易,给期刊著作权保护提出了挑战.在网络环境下保护期刊著作权,要解决好取证问题与诉讼的地域管辖问题,并确定包括网络服务商在内的责任人以及赔偿数额的计算问题.     

China's campaign-style Internet finance governance: Causes,effects, and lessons learned for new information-based approaches to governance,

China's Internet companies and citizens are now world leaders in developing and using the Internet and related information technologies for financial transactions. Accordingly, it is important that China becomes a world leader in identifying challenges posed by Internet finance, and providing law and governance solutions to address these challenges. While the Internet and its associated technologies are now globally available, a core question is whether, and to what extent, regulatory challenges and opportunities are common across different jurisdictions, or whether they reflect local circumstances. In short, an interesting question is what can the world learn from China as it takes the lead in addressing Internet finance challenges, and what can China learn from the world as it seeks to do so?This article first identifies the landscape of China's burgeoning Internet finance market, including key technologies and services and government and nongovernment players. The article then turns to key regulatory challenges, with a focus on factors especially significant in China. The article then examines the “top down” “campaign style” approach to regulation, which is China government's initial response to emerging challenges. Following an analysis of the campaign, some suggestions are then made for future possible governance strategies. We explain how emerging “information” based and experiment-based approaches to governance are drawing on both global and Chinese experiences to harness the capabilities of the Internet and the collective energies of Internet finance enterprises and users to advance the regulation of the China Internet finance system in a way that is conducive to the public interest.     

A Naval Revolution and Institutional Change: The Case of the United Provinces

This study starting from the debate of the influence of the so-called military revolution on the emergence of modern states, analyses the neglected aspect of the influence of seapower on socioeconomic change, using a formal model. It is maintained that the choice of seapower by a state leads to a different regime than the choice of land military power, because sustainable seapower necessitates a wide alliance of interests, which brings with it more democratic regimes, develops new more efficient and complex forms of organizations, requires the acquisition and diffusion of new knowledge and expertise that brings with it institutional change and economic growth. The present study concludes with a short presentation of the United Provinces (the Dutch Republic) turn to the sea.JEL Classification: N0, N4, C7, O0     

Copyright in the Information Society: Scenario's and Strategies

Copyright law trades off the costs of limiting access to information against the benefits of providing incentives to create information in the first place. The development of digital rights management (DRM) may disturb the balance between creation and distribution of information. What policy strategy should be followed by a national government given that effective systems of DRM may develop and given that legislation and policy-making increasingly take place at the level of the European Union? Because the quality of the protection that can be obtained by DRM is uncertain, two scenarios are developed. The scenarios require different policy reactions. Alternative policy strategies are discussed.     

‘Customary internet-ional law’: Creating a body of customary law for cyberspace. Part 2: Applying custom as law to the Internet infrastructure

The shift in socio-economic transactions from real space to cyberspace through the emergence of electronic communications and digital formats has led to a disjuncture between the law and practices relating to electronic transactions. The speed at which information technology has developed require a faster, more reactive and automatic response from the law that is not currently met by the existing law-making framework. This paper suggests the development of special rules to enable Internet custom to form legal norms to fulfill this objective. In Part 2 of this article, I will construct the customary rules to Internet law-making that are applicable to electronic transactions by adapting customary international law rules; apply the suggested rules for determining customary Internet norms and identify some existing practices that may amount to established norms on the Internet, specifically practices relating to the Internet Infrastructure and Electronic Contracting.     

版权法上公共领域的衰落与兴起

版权法上公共领域是人类自由文化创造的源泉,但20世纪晚近以降,一种将"版权财产"与"公共领域"对立起来加以看待的做法开始变得日益兴盛,致使版权法上公共领域日趋衰亡。该种衰落背后的近因还在于当今的版权受到两种错误思潮的影响:其一,是"浪漫主义的作者观"在版权法上的错误配置;其二,是"有价值便有权利"以及"版权保护必须和复制技术成反比例变化"的观念在版权人世界的广为流传。而为了使版权法公共领域重获兴起,除了需要展开理念上的转型而推行"义务公共领域"的理论学说外,我们还需要展开一系列的制度创新:如展开"创作共享"公有领域运动、迈向"自由演绎"公共领域的未来以及建立网络时代的"默示许可"公有空间等等,由此我们才能看到版权法上公共领域重获兴起的曙光。     

我国知识产权制度建设成效及问题实证分析——兼论我国知识产权对外交往策略

我国现代知识产权制度建设始于改革开放初期,经过30余年发展,已成为现代社会一种重要的无形财产权制度.统计数据和计量经济分析表明,我国的专利、商标和著作权制度已走上正轨,发挥着正当的制度功能,但其中存在的问题,如知识产权法实施难仍需得到正视和理性解决.对知识产权制度成效的客观评价是中国知识产权对外交往策略的基础.应保持必要的自信心,不妄自菲薄,积极采取主动与防御结合的策略,以免在知识产权对外交往中进退失据,陷于被动.尊重知识产权制度的内在逻辑,防止冒进,拒绝外部干扰,将有助于知识产权制度理性发展.     

著作权法之激励理论研究——以经济学、社会福利理论与后现代主义为视角

激励理论是认识著作权法精神的一个重要哲学层面。激励理论可以从经济学层面加以理解。著作权法使用市场的经济酬报来激励新作品的创作和传播,即著作权法通过赋予作者或其他著作权人对被创作出来的作品的专有权,为作者提供市场经济上的回报,这将激励他们创作新的作品。激励理论也可以从社会福利理论和后现代主义的视野认识。     

习近平全面依法治国新理念新思想新战略对法治理论的发展

习近平全面依法治国新理念新思想新战略对国家治理意义重大,是中国特色社会主义法治理论的最新成果。其汲取了古今中外各类法治理论的有益元素,对法治理论做了七项创新发展,即建设法治中国、建设中国特色社会主义法治体系、坚持"三个核心要义"、坚持"共同推进、一体建设"、完善党内法规体系与实现依规治党、着力实现制度现代化、统筹国内法治和国际法治;还对法治理论做了十五项拓展深化,即关于依法治国方针、坚持党的领导、法治为民、法治经济、法律面前人人平等、科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法、权力监督、德法并重、改革和法治关系、加强社会治理、政法机关职能、法治环境建设的拓展深化。习近平全面依法治国新理念新思想新战略具有强大的生命力,继承了马克思主义法治理论系列成果,传承了中华传统法律文化精华,吸收了世界法治理论精华,且勇于探索当代中国法治实践。     

论著作权制度中的利益博弈与利益平衡

目前,我国已经着手对著作权法进行第二次修改。在考虑我国著作权法的修改问题时,如何从利益平衡的角度思考其中的利益博弈并寻求合作均衡,不但符合博弈各方的利益,对于达到修改著作权法的目的、实现整个社会的文学、艺术和科学事业的繁荣亦具有直接作用。这种利益博弈和利益平衡的辨析正是研究著作权法、探讨其中具体的保护性规定和限制性规定的魅力所在。具体到著作权法修改中的利益博弈和利益平衡来看,应在客观分析利益博弈现实的基础上,充分考虑利益博弈方的理性需求,将著作权制度中的权、责、利进一步明晰化,实现科学的利益分配和均衡,尽可能地避免利益博弈所带来的不必要的成本消耗。