Constructing International Crime: Lawyers,States, and the Origin of International Criminal Prosecution in the Interwar Period

This article explains the development of international crime as a legal category. I argue that states’ pursuit of political rights claims empowers international lawyers to develop new legal categories to grant states new tools to pursue their interests. At the same time, lawyers have a stake in defending the autonomy of law from politics, thus pushing for the development of legal norms and institutions that go beyond the original state intent. States’ turn to law thus begets more law, expanding the legal and institutional tools to solve international problems while simultaneously enforcing a commitment to principles of legality. To demonstrate the plausibility of the theory, the article studies the construction of the concept of an international crime in the interwar period (1919–1939). In response to the Allies’ attempt to prosecute the German Emperor, international lawyers sought the codification of international criminal law and drafted enforcement mechanisms. The interwar legal debate not only introduced international crime into the legal and political vocabulary, it also legitimized a new set of institutional responses to violations of international law, namely, international criminal prosecution.     

重大公共卫生事件下的刑事政策模式

坚持道德理性而否认规范理性,或者主张规范理性而排斥道德理性,都是有失偏颇的。规范目的与整体法秩序目的是两种不同层次的目的,两者互补互济、相辅相成,能有效衡平社会伦理道德与刑法规范的关系,并使刑法适用保持活性与弹力,充分迎合司法实践需要。信守规范目的而忽视整体法秩序的刑事政策,有时不利于维护社会共同体利益。信奉整体法秩序目的而忽视规范的刑事政策,可能不利于保护共同体成员的个人权益。重大公共卫生事件下,传统刑事政策面临诸多困境,应贯彻刑事政策发展模式。刑事政策发展模式要求正当事由得到现实化延伸,合理调适定罪量刑标准,扩展刑法解释体系范畴。刑事政策发展模式下,需要严控适用范畴,合法约束模糊管理,有效限制道德理性和规制辩证逻辑。     

当前企业工会维权的困境及法律对策

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善,企业的劳动关系总体上是稳定的,大多数职工的权益得到了保障,但是随着劳动关系的日益市场化、复杂化,在部分企业里,职工合法权益的实现遇到了新情况、新问题。《中华人民共和国工会法》的实施,为工会组织依法维权提供了强大的法律武器,履行工会的基本职责,切实代表和维护职工的合法权益,是工会贯彻"三个代表"重要思想的根本要求。它既是工会服从服务于党和国家工作大局的重要手段,又是工会工作的出发点和落脚点。     

论劳动者的罢工权

在法律上承认和规范劳动者的罢工权,防止非法罢工,不仅有利于劳动者劳动权益的维护,也有利于社会的稳定。罢工权不是孤立的,劳动法领域中的罢工权,是劳动者的一项劳动权利,是劳动者集体劳动权的重要组成部分,与劳动者组织工会的权利（团结权）、集体谈判的权利密不可分。劳动者享有法律所保护的合法罢工权。罢工基于维护劳动者的合法权益,局限于劳动关系领域,并要符合法律规定的程序。在法律上确立劳动者享有合法的罢工权后,如何保护依法罢工的劳动者的利益是法律必须面对和解决的重要问题,也是关系到劳动者罢工权是否能真正享有的保障。为了维护劳动者的权益,法律应当赋予劳动者罢工权,但当罢工影响到社会公共秩序的时候,罢工权就应该受到限制。     

民间规范与习惯权利

本文以探讨民间规范和习惯权利的内在关系为宗旨:习惯权利是针对法 (国家法 )定权利而言的,它是指一定社区内的社会主体根据包括社会习俗在内的民间规范而享有的自己为或不为、或者对抗 (请求 )他人为或不为一定行为的社会资格。习惯权利的规范载体是民间规范;民间规范的重要规范内容是习惯权利。在民间规范中,对习惯权利的载定既有明示方式的,也有隐含方式的。应当透过民间规范来观察、理解习惯权利。     

欧共体金融利益的刑法保护

在对欧共体金融利益的欺诈日趋严重的背景下,如何实现对欧共体金融利益的充分保护是摆在欧洲联盟面前的迫切问题,这个问题从法律制度的层面看就是超国家刑法规范创制的合理性与合法性问题。由于国别法律制度与法律传统的差异,成员国在对欧共体金融利益的保护上有不同的模式。欧共体的机构是否根据欧共体的有关条约而被赋予了刑法创制权能,这是目前一个富有争议性的问题,而且由于欧洲宪法的接连受挫,使得这一问题变得更为复杂。本文通过对多方面观点的介绍与分析,指出虽然目前存在着超国家刑法规范的实际需要与现行欧盟制度之间的固有矛盾,但在泛欧洲层面,以超国家刑法规制手段来实现对欧共体财政金融领域的充分保护,是一个可以预见的必然性趋势。     

On the Macro Positioning Regarding Anti-Monopoly Considerations Relating to Internet Platform—An Analysis Based on Politics,Policies and Laws

The positioning of anti-monopoly law depends on its unique value, goal and function. From the beginning, anti-monopoly law has had a great political and economic mission, and can become a “super law” with a grand value goal and a powerful function in economic adjustment. The uniqueness of the Internet, in capital, technology and business models, easily allows Internet platforms to grow anarchically, and to have a high correlation with anti-monopoly concerns. Internet anti-monopoly policy should first expand its thinking and elevate its stance in macro value, and seek appropriate legal and economic technical paths. China’s Internet platform anti-monopoly policy cannot simply follow today’s international and superficial trend, which does not contribute to positive experience and may conceal various interests. Instead, China’s Internet platform anti-monopoly policy should actively follow, respect and serve the substantial development interests of China’s digital economy, operating in a timely fashion and at the right location, in ways that are opportune, moderate and modest. It should always be committed to the innovation and development of China’s Internet industry and to international competitiveness. Internet anti-monopoly policy should adhere to the rule of law, build a corresponding rule system, ensure objectivity, neutrality and rationality, and prevent irrationality and over-excitement.     

Nanotechnology in Global Medicine and Human Biosecurity: Private Interests, Policy Dilemmas, and the Calibration of Public Health Law

This paper considers how best to approach dilemmas posed to global health and biosecurity policy by increasing advances in practical applications of nanotechnology. The type of nano-technology policy dilemmas discussed include: (1) expenditure of public funds, (2) public-funded research priorities, (3) public confidence in government and science and, finally, (4) public safety. The article examines the value in this context of a legal obligation that the development of relevant public health law be calibrated against less corporate-influenced norms issuing from bioethics and international human rights.     

行政行为撤销要件的修订

行政诉讼法采用封闭性正面列举的立法模式,仅规定违反法定程序、适用法律错误、超越职权等五种情形为行政行为撤销的要件,致使有些违法形态难以归入其中,给司法实践和后续立法造成了困难。行政行为的撤销要件是对司法审查的指引而非制约,其构成应建立在对法律规范的分类基础上,并采用开放的立法结构。建议将来修订行政诉讼法或制定行政程序法时,增列“没有法律依据的”、“决定内容违反法律规定的”和“其他侵害公民、法人或其他组织合法权益的”三种情形为撤销的要件,以解决实践中的解释困惑,并增强这一制度的社会适应力。     

信用的权利化及其民法保护

在我国，信用权利化的提出有着特定的立法背景。通过对信用法律调整历史沿革的考察可以发现，信用的内涵是不断发展变化的，从最初关注主体在伦理道德方面信守承诺的情况，扩展到主体的综合经济能力。现代民法对信用的调整以社会对主体的信用评价为核心，信用作为社会对主体综合经济能力的评价，已非主体性要素，且已从“内在化的伦理价值”外化为“客体化的人格要素”，成为一种具有典型性、独立性的人格要素。因此，有必要也能够将信用权利化为具体的人格权，以确保民事主体获得客观公正的信用评价。     

公司治理模式演化争论的法律思维根源

对全球公司制度的演化趋势,统一论与分化论的两种观点针锋相对。争论的根源在于论者法律思维的差异,并突出表现在现象与标准、法律与事实、宏观与微观、技术与社会等几对范畴上。立足于法律的本质并关注公司制度的选择问题,分化论有说服力;而统一论则因把法律问题简单技术化、混淆事实与规范选择的差异而有明显局限。因此,应当坚持理性的法律思维,坚持公司制度国际演化的"功能统一、形式分化"二元观。     

新刑法与法益侵害说

本文的基本观点是 :刑法目的是保护法益、犯罪本质是侵犯法益。本文论述了法益侵害说及其与规范违反说的区别 ;论证新刑法采取了法益侵害说以及法益侵害说的合理性 ;剖析了有悖法益保护目的现象 ,并提倡全面贯彻法益侵害说。     

权力、权利和利益的博弈——我国当前城市房屋拆迁问题的法律与经济分析

近年来,房屋拆迁问题及我国现行房屋拆迁制度的调整缺失成为社会关注的焦点问题,屡屡发生于各地的恶性房屋拆迁事件更是将这项攸关民生与民权的核心问题推向社会转型的风口浪尖。在这些房屋拆迁纠纷事件中,政府、开发商、法院、建筑公司、社会公众都卷入其中,私人权利与公共利益、个人利益与政治权力以及商业利益交织在一起,矛盾纠缠错结,愈演愈烈,造成社会关系的高度紧张。本文旨在从法和经济学的角度探讨现行拆迁制度的利弊得失,并结合相关典型案例对政府、开发商、被拆迁人的各自利益关系进行梳理,进而对由物权法、土地管理法、城市规划法、城市房地产管理法,特别是城市房屋拆迁管理条例等基本法律调整下的城市房屋拆迁问题进行博弈论和模式化的分析,揭示出当前城市房屋拆迁纠纷的法律困境及其根源,最后在总结经验和法律比较的基础上提出完善现行房屋拆迁制度的对策建议。     

Biopolitics and Movement: A History of Travellers and the Law

This article will briefly trace the travellers’ legal position in Britain from their sixteenth century emergence as a tangible (although imprecise) identity until now. It will be argued that although the position of the law has changed considerably in its waning severity, travellers’ legal status continues to be conditioned by enduring and shifting concerns around norms of labour and residence. Moreover, it is overly-simplistic to interpret their changing predicament as simply a more humane and multicultural relaxation of previously Draconian measures. Using Michel Foucault’s writings on discipline and ‘biopolitics’, it will be proposed that those extreme legal sanctions—which during certain periods included the death penalty—have been replaced by a much more nuanced matrix of regulation and control that seeks to assimilate traveller lifestyles into a mainstream understanding of human life and society.     

民事权益受损者行政诉讼原告资格考辨

民事权益受损者本应通过民事诉讼获得救济,一旦其请求行政机关介入查处违法行为或解决民事纠纷时往往会引发行政诉讼原告资格问题.本文采实质诉权说认为,民事权益受损者起诉权的认定应以公法请求权为基础,故需以保护规范理论为工具探寻公法规范中是否包含保护私人利益的指向,而非简单以侵权行为影响论或行政行为影响论判断受害者的行政诉讼原...     

结果无价值初论

立足于规范评价的行为无价值与奠基于法益判断的结果无价值的对立及其争执,在大陆法系刑法理论中不仅关系着违法性的评判,而且对犯罪论体系的建构亦具基础性价值,甚至已然超越了违法性领域,嵌入到整个刑法体系、刑法规范及刑法理念之中。中国学界急需在引介评鉴的基础之上进行深入研究。在全球化趋势及当今中国法治化征程中,结果无价值的提倡对于力避刑法中的泛道德主义倾向、有效平衡人权保障和社会保护机能,以及重构中国的犯罪构成理论体系,都具有相当影响。     

The European Court of Human Rights,Amicus Curiae,and Violence against Women

Are international courts and advocacy group legal mobilization shaping human rights politics? This question poses a theoretical and empirical challenge to state dominated understandings of international litigation. This article theorizes the interaction between advocacy groups and the European Court of Human Rights and the role this participation plays in the enforcement and development of human rights. The analyses examine institutional factors shaping broad trends in mobilization complemented by two in depth studies examining a single mode of participation, amicus curiae and a single area of law, violence against women. The data identify the critical role standing rules, court review powers and group expertise play in transnational rights mobilization and development. The findings bring into question dominant understandings of international law and contribute to a more complex understanding of law in a global age where international courts and societal actors are shaping the direction of rights protection.     

The rights of donor inseminated children to know their genetic origins in Australia

Twenty years after it was recognised that adopted children have rights to understand their origins, the dawn has finally broken with respect to children conceived as a result of the Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), specifically donor insemination (DI). Recipients and practitioners of conception technologies focus their energies and ethical deliberation on the achievement of pregnancy and the successful birth of the child. Law, in contrast, must focus beyond birth to enshrine respect for the rights of the child, who is 'not legally capable of defending [his or her] own future interests.' This article undertakes an assessment of what is in the best interests of a child using empirical studies to ground a position that should be adopted by law in Australia. This article also critically evaluates the current legal position of the various States and Territories with regards to a DI conceived child's rights to know of their form of conception; access to identifying information of their donor; at what age they may access information; the position of DI children born before existing legislation; record-keeping; and finally whether international law grants such children rights. Australian children must enjoy the right in theory and practice to know they were donor conceived and the identity of their donor. It is disappointing that New South Wales, as the most recent State to propose legislation on ART, has not utilised international empirical research on the best interests of DI children or even followed the Infertility Treatment Act 1995 (Vic) which seems to be far more progressive in recognising how best to protect the rights of DI children. The current legal position is chaotic. States and Territories should confer power on the Federal Government to legislate uniform and explicit regulation of ART for the benefit of DI children.     

Smuggling of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Obligations of Non-State and State Actors under International Human Rights Law

Although trafficking of human beings has been widely regardedas a human rights issue, little attention has been paid to humanrights aspects of smuggling as it is mainly characterised asfacilitation of illegal migration. The purpose of this articleis to demonstrate that smuggling of human beings equally raiseshuman rights concerns. The article begins by exploring the definitionsof trafficking and smuggling and their policy implications.It then highlights some human rights issues inherent in theact by examining its causes, process and consequences. It continueswith an analysis of human rights obligations imposed upon non-Stateand State actors. The fact that non-State actors are not helddirectly accountable under international human rights law pointsto an investigation of legal obligations imposed upon States,and this article examines an obligation to protect victims asan example.