Frustration: The mold of judicial philosophy

Abstract

The Framers understood the Constitution to be the fundamental expression of the rule of law over against the arbitrary, intemperate, and unjust “rule of men” that all too frequently existed in the political world, unfortunately both democratic as well as monarchical. Accordingly, the rule of law requires a well functioning political and legal system that includes legislative checks and balances, the separation of power between the President and Congress, an independent judiciary, federalism, etc. What happens when this “Madisonian” constitutional system, designed to express “the deliberate sense of the community,” runs into a Judicial branch that, in effect, claims we live under a Constitution, but the Constitution is what we say it is. Must the Judiciary itself be subject to the rule of law, and the decisions of a constitutional majority, or does their “independence” extend to being independent of the constraints of the rule of law and, thus, decent majority rule? How did the original John Marshall Court answer these questions, and what light do the leading cases and controversies shed on the relationship between the Marshall Court and the Madisonian System? Are we facing a situation of Marshall v. Madison?     

法律交融中的国际贸易行政诉讼

国际贸易行政诉讼是在国际法与国内法交融、公法与私法交融过程中生成的行政诉讼特殊类型。在我国法制语境中,国际贸易行政诉讼是指在WTO制度的框架下,人民法院依法审理国际贸易行政案件并做出裁决,以保障和补救受损方国际贸易权益的具有专项性、涉外性与国际性的诉讼活动与制度。国际贸易行政诉讼具有特定的制度结构、主体结构与利益结构。考察其影响,它具有国际法定义务履行功能、国际贸易行政争端解决功能、国际贸易权益救济等复合功能。     

民事、行政确认判决辨析

确认判决在民事诉讼和行政诉讼中的作用大相径庭:民事确认判决的主要功能是,保障意思自治,为交易繁荣创造融洽的心理基础,并为民事主体的未来安排提供可靠的基准;行政确认违法判决,主要目的是为相对人的损害赔偿提供前提条件,并尽可能地恢复与弥补相对人的心理伤害。确认行政法律关系判决,在理论上存在诸多障碍,其制度空间十分有限。     

论行政强制执行的法律救济

行政强制执行,作为行政强制的一方面,关系到行政相对人的人身、财产等重要权利。在强调法治和人权的今天,这些属于公民的重要权利越来越受到统治者的重视。同时,行政权存在被滥用的危险,行政强制执行中也可能出现不法或不当情形。因此,法律应当对行政强制执行进行有效控制,从而维护公民合法权益。为实现此目的,法律应运用多种调整方法,法律救济就是其中的重要部分。在很多行政法治国家,行政强制执行的法律救济制度都比较完善,并各具特色。对于国外的一些成功经验,我国应当在立法过程中予以关注和参考。鉴于我国目前的法律救济制度存在某些方面的问题和不足,提出相关的立法构想。     

作为非正式行政救济的监察专员制度:比利时联邦的经验

比利时联邦监察专员制度被视为一剂针对行政国家"大政府"的"解毒药"。向联邦监察专员申诉作为一种便捷、可信赖的行政救济,相对于行政复议和行政诉讼是一种补充性的非正式法律救济机制。其对申诉处理的有效性得益于机构独立、程序公正和责任有效的制度保障。当下这些成功的制度条件难以系统移植,但其技术性规则可供借鉴。最为重要的是其成功经验背后蕴含的制度理念能够作为检视和反思信访救济的线索。     

Discretion and corruption: The Chilean judiciary

Corruption in the judiciary and its effects on the budget of that branch of government, the efficiency of justice (prompt or belated) and its quality (biased or impartial) are analyzed. The discretionary powers of the Supreme Court and those granted to judges to manage their courts, calendar and case load, and the hierarchical administrative structures of judiciaries, which function as a queueing system, may be used as a tool to maximize graft. These phenomena reveal links between institutional forms and incentives. Using the case of Chile and the exceptional emergence of corruption within the judiciary during the military dictatorship, the role of democracy as a punishing and preventive mechanism is highlighted.This article was written while the author was a Senior Fellow at the Orville Schell, Center for International Human Rights Law at Yale Law School, and under the auspices of the North-South Center of the University of Miami.     

从卫生监督稽查视角审视行刑衔接工作

为了有效打击、震慑违法犯罪分子,保障人民身体健康,维护社会和谐稳定,行刑衔接工作机制在卫生行政执法工作中发挥着越来越重要的作用,本文拟结合日常工作实际,从卫生监督稽查视角审视卫生行政执法与刑事司法相衔接工作。     

论我国贸易救济的范围和制度构建

在国际贸易自由化背景下,从事产品生产的国内产业和提供服务的国内产业,都可能受到国际贸易的损害。其中,从事产品生产的国内产业,可能因为同类进口产品的倾销、补贴或数量增加而受到损害,也可能因为其产品出口被其他国家或地区实施不正当、不合理进口限制而受到损害;提供服务的国内产业,可能因为外国服务提供者参与国内服务市场竞争而受到损害,也可能因为其服务输出遭遇其他国家或地区的服务贸易壁垒而受到损害。这些损害,都应当属于贸易救济的范围。要全方位救济国际贸易对国内产业的损害,我国不仅应当有针对进口产品的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等进口救济制度,也应当有针对其他国家或地区不正当、不合理进口限制的出口救济制度,同时还应当建立完备的国际服务贸易救济制度。     

审判中心视角下的行政诉讼制度构造

"以审判为中心"的政法政策同样适用于行政诉讼制度改革,它要求法院发挥自身司法能力和司法制度能力,有效地介入涉法行政争议之中,并藉此保护法益。在行政诉讼中,司法权与行政权之间是法律监督上的国家权力结构关系。法院优位于行政机关,法院作为独立裁判者指挥诉讼管理关系和裁判过程。以审判为中心的行政诉讼制度构造,应最大限度地发挥法院司法能力在解决行政争议上的优位角色,应完整地发挥行政诉讼法的制度能力,即发挥立法、司法解释、司法组织及指导性案例的制度功能。行政诉讼司法准入、行政机关负责人出庭应诉、诉讼管辖、庭审制度等,是否体现了"以审判为中心"的制度改革方向,主要看其是否有利于行政争议的实质解决和法益有效保护。"多元化纠纷解决机制"政策和行政行为合法性审查为中心的行政诉讼制度,影响了法院的诉讼角色和功能。回归司法权和诉讼制度本质,宜在行政争议、行政行为和法益之间构造出一致性的诉讼结构关系;宜从组织和体制改革转向程序改革,发挥行政程序和司法程序在塑造司法公正和司法效率上的作用。     

我国高等学校性质的行政法分析

从民法上来讲 ,高等学校是事业法人 ,而在行政法上 ,我国的公立高等学校是行政主体 ,政府与其的关系是管理与被管理、授权与被授权的关系 ;在高等学校内部 ,其与教师、学生的关系是一种公权力关系、外部关系和契约关系 ,是行政契约的扩张、延伸 ,因此 ,其关系后果是一种行政后果 ,应采取行政复议、行政诉讼之救济途径。     

公共起诉资格的生成

根据起诉资格的私法模式,救济与权利是相互依存的,只有那些自身权利受到威胁（或损害）的人才有资格获得救济。然而,此种旨在维护个人普通法权利的私法模式对于规制型国家中大量出现的制定法利益已不敷其用,从而导致体现这些制定法利益的公共起诉资格模式应运而生。该模式确认起诉资格的标准相继体现为不法侵害标准和“当事人遭受损害”条款标准,并且宽泛的“当事人遭受损害”条款标准导致的违宪争议也随着法兰克弗特法官所创造的“私人检察总长”术语而得以消解。     

私力救济的性质

私力救济作为一种重要的纠纷解决机制日益受到学界关注.私力救济的研究首先有必要厘清其性质.私力救济,既可定位于一种私人自行处理冲突的纠纷解决机制,当事人通过私人力量维权的权利救济机制,也是一种私人以威慑和制约为核心、高度分散、私人执法的社会控制机制.     

WTO与中国行政法制度改革的几个关键问题

我国加入世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ），必将对国内法律制度产生深远的影响。这种影响不仅仅涉及贸易、投资等经济法律制度领域，而且涉及规范政府权力的公法制度。本文认为：就本质上看，ＷＴＯ协议是一种契约，目的是约束各成员方政府将其贸易政策限定在一定范围内，从而建立一种鼓励公平与自由竞争的多边贸易体制。因此，ＷＴＯ协议直接对政府行为提出了要求。这些要求集中表现为ＷＴＯ协议所规定的“国民待遇原则”、“透明度原则”、“法律统一实施原则”、“行政公平原则”以及“对行政行为的监督审查原则”等方面。我们需要根据上述原则的要求，对规范政府行为的宪法和行政法制度进行相应的改革。ＷＴＯ背景下行政法制度的改革，对我国行政法学的发展既是一个挑战，又是一种机遇。     

On the enforcement of specific performance in Civil Law countries

Proponents of specific performance as a remedy for breach of contract have found support in the alleged use of the remedy in Civil Law countries. However, we provide evidence that specific performance is in fact a rare remedy in Denmark, Germany and France, and under CISG, when performance requires actions to be undertaken, and we relate this to costs of enforcement. We argue that it is administratively costly to run a system of enforcement that renders specific performance attractive to the aggrieved party, and that the Civil Law countries have (like Common Law countries) chosen not to incur these costs of enforcement. This is especially clear in the case of Denmark, where specific performance of actions has been abandoned as a legal remedy.At the normative level, we argue that enforcement costs provides an additional rationale, over and above the rationales of the theory of efficient breach, for damages and against specific performance as the general remedy.     

Claims against a university: the role of administrative review in Australia and the United Kingdom

The recent decision of the High Court of Australia in Griffith University v. Tang denied judicial review to a student aggrieved by the decision of a university to exclude her. This article analyses the role of judicial review of university decision-making in the United Kingdom and Australia, analysing the justification for administrative remedies in universities. It considers the legislative reform of administrative review in Australia, and the impact of that reform in some states. It places administrative review in the context of the visitorial jurisdiction, where that jurisdiction still exists. Finally, it addresses some of the policy aspects of denying judicial review in the case of the university.     

IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LITIGATION SYSTEM FROM A MACROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE

Formulated in the time of a planned economy, the Administrative Litigation Law is confronted with such challenges as inadequacy in providing remedy for rights, high litigation costs, and malfunction of courts. The situation calls for reform and development of the Law. An overall improvement shall be done on the Law from such aspects as providing more effective remedies for rights, reducing administrative litigation costs, strengthening the function of administrative litigation in dispute resolution, optimizing the administrative litigation effect, preventing the dereliction or abuse of administrative adjudicative power and upgrading the scientific level of the Law.     

行政信访处理纠纷的预设模式检讨

《信访条例》将行政信访定位为诉讼、行政复议和仲裁的补充渠道,承袭这些机制处理纠纷的核心技术,预设了处理信访事项的"规范一决定"裁决模式。经检验,该模式预设与行政信访处理争议的制度效能不足具有明显相关性。实践中,行政信访处理的事项,多属"利益分配、调整型决策"和"抽象法律、政策目标落实"引发的争议。此两类事项通常缺乏具体的指引规则,该模式易被作为回绝信访诉求的制度庇护。即便进行裁量处理,裁决机制也因"利益分配、调整型"决策具有"多中心任务"特征而难以适用,对于要求充分实现法律或政策目标的诉求,裁决机制难以提供有效的救济方案。     

Judges,Conflict, and the Past

Drawing upon interviews with senior judicial figures in Northern Ireland, South Africa and elsewhere, this article considers the role of the judiciary in a political conflict. Using the socio‐legal literature on judicial performance and audience as well as transitional justice scholarship, the article argues that judges in Northern Ireland ‘performed’ to a number of ‘imagined’ audiences including Parliament, ‘the public', and their judicial peers – all of which shaped their view of the judicial role. In light of ongoing efforts to deal with the past in the jurisdiction, and the experiences of other transitional societies, the article argues that the judiciary can and should engage in a mature, reflexive and, where appropriate, self‐critical examination of the good and bad of their own institutional history during the conflict. It also argues that such a review of judicial performance requires an external audience in order to encourage the judiciary to see truth beyond the limits of legalism.     

法律程序构建的基本逻辑

在刑事诉讼法修改过程中,立法部门需要对多方面的因素加以考量。其中,国家权力与公民权利的适当平衡,是防止国家权力滥用、避免公民权利受到任意侵犯的首要制度安排。对那些违反法律程序、侵犯公民权利的行为,从实体结果和诉讼程序上设定妥善的司法救济措施,是保证刑事程序得以有效实施的程序设计。为避免传统的"立法推进主义"制度的缺陷和风险,立法部门应以科学方法观察和总结那些为司法机关所创制的改革经验,及时将那些行之有效的改革措施吸收到法律之中。     

行政声明异议制度研究

行政声明异议制度作为一个法律制度其价值是十分明显的 ,其实体上的价值包括对行政相对人权益的保护和对行政机关行政权威的维护两个方面。其程序上的价值是使行政救济制度有了最为方便的救济程序 ,是对整个救济程序的一个补充 ,且使原来类似于或者归属于司法程序的救济程序行政化 ,既补充了司法程序的不足 ,又对行政程序概念进行了适当延伸。行政声明异议的主体是行政相对人 ,对象是行政主体 ,标的是未进入实质阶段的行政行为。目前我国行政程序法和行政实体法尚无这一制度的规定 ,所以 ,应对我国设立行政声明异议制度的相关问题 ,尤其是技术问题予以探讨 ,以求我国行政救济制度的完善