越南农业农村发展引人瞩目

越南是一个农民占总人口70%的农业国,发展农业的自然条件较为优越.     

Economic policy elites and democratization

Is the authoritarian potential of policy elites a mortal threat to the consolidation of democracy in Latin America? This article suggests that in the context of democratic transitions, significant variations may exist in the performance of technocratic roles. In most countries in the region, elected governments faced the crisis of the 1980s by retaining markedly technocratic and exclusionary styles of policy-making. In Chile, a highly technocratic form of authoritarianism was succeeded by a novel pattern of pragmatic cooperation between technical and political elites. Democratic institutions were reestablished while a strong economic team enforced coherence and continuity in economic policy. Historical and institutional factors are used to show that Chile may now be nearer the democratic pole than other “hybrid” democratic-authoritarian regimes in the region.     

State policy and industrial promotion in Taiwan: an interrupted time series analysis, 1956-1994

Over the past decade, the statist perspective has been popular in interpreting the economic success of the East Asian countries. Proponents of this perspective discredit the neoclassical view that market forces alone were the most important dynamic behind these economic achievements. Instead, they credit the state as the key factor of East Asian economic success. This study employs an interrupted time series analysis to examine the validity of the statist perspective on Taiwan's industrial promotion policy. The results suggest that the government of Taiwan has been successful in upgrading the island's industrial structure. This finding supports the statist perspective on development. It does not, however, deny the utility of the neoclassical view since market forces also contributed to the growth of Taiwan's industrial structure.     

Adapting to democracy: Societal mobilization and social policy in Taiwan and South Korea

Democratic transition and institutional change do not necessarily guarantee greater political inclusion, particularly when it comes to the policy influence of civil society groups. Rather, political inclusiveness requires strategic adaptation among societal actors. Actors need to seize upon opportunities endemic to political change. This article provides a comparative analysis of health care reform in democratizing Taiwan and South Korea, focusing on two social movement coalitions, the National Health Insurance Coalition in Taiwan and Korea's Health Solidarity. Both movement coalitions were critical in shaping welfare reform trajectories in Taiwan and South Korea during the late 1990s, despite having been shut out from earlier episodes of health care reform. I argue that these groups (1) strategically adjusted their mobilization strategies to fit specific political and policy contexts, (2) benefited from broad-based coalition building, and (3) effectively framed the issue of social welfare in ways that gained these movements ideational leverage, which was particularly significant given the marginal place of leftist ideas in the postwar East Asian developmental state model. Joseph Wong is assistant professor of political science at the University of Toronto. He is the author ofHealthy Democracies: Welfare Politics in Taiwan and South Korea, published by Cornell University Press. Wong received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The author thanks Edward Friedman, Jay Krishnan, Ito Peng, Richard Sandbrook, Linda White, along with the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Thanks also to Uyen Quach and Nina Mansoori for their research assistance.     

Housing trends of the elderly: emerging policy and implications

Housing and living environment options are both one of the most pressing problem are as for the elderly and an unavoidable policy subject for public administrators. This article analyzes the topic of housing and the elderly so as to high light selected dimensions that might have implications for decision - makers in resource considerations and allocations. An opening section gives the status of how and where the elderly are now living. Six events, or environmental and policy changes, that affect the housing options of the elderly are analyzed. These events are: high mortgage rates; rent controls; condominium conversions; tax relief measures; weatherization programs; and reverse annuity mortgages. The two dominant trends that appear to shape the future housing options of the elderly are examined. The first trend is the provision of a range of alternatives in living arrangements. The creation of alternatives, also known as a continuum of living environments, includes congregate housing, share - a - home, life care or continuing care, geriatric foster care, and single room occupancy hotels. The second major trend is the increasing provision of services in the home setting. The final portion draws together the evident implications about the housing problems of the elderly for policy makers in the public management field. Implications that have community-wide ramifications are clustered as they relate to: increasing the housing supply; regulatory mechanisms; and budgetary references.     

Growth with pollution: unsustainable development in Taiwan and its consequences

During the 1980s, economic development in Taiwan received much attention in development studies. The “Taiwan miracle” has made Taiwan rich and famous. This article examines an often ignored aspect of development—environmental quality—and argues that Taiwan has achieved “growth with pollution” that will not increase but decrease the welfare of the people in the long run. The root cause of Taiwan's environmental degradation rests on the obsession with fast economic growth at any cost by the powerful coalition between the ruling Kuomington and the capitalists. The article argues that the case of Taiwan is far from being a “model” for developing countries. Taiwan's experience of “growth with pollution,” on the contrary, should stand as a warning to other developing countries pursuing similar development paths. Chun-Chieh Chi received his B.A. in sociology from Tunghai University in Taiwan, and his M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from State University of New York at Buffalo. He is assistant professor of sociology at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104. His research interests include sustainable development in Taiwan and Kenya, indigenous people and the environment, and women and the environment in developing countries.     

Migration and development: Implications and recommendations for policy

"The conventional wisdom on the relationship between migration and development in the Caribbean Basin can be summarized in two propositions: that migration from the region to the United States is an 'escape valve,' benefitting the sending countries; and that development reduces the pressures for migration. This article examines both propositions and concludes they are misleading or inaccurate. Emigration costs the sending countries in serious ways and often impedes development. Secondly, development does not stem migration; in the short-term, rapid development is more likely to exacerbate the pressures of migration than to reduce those pressures. Besides analyzing the relationship between migration and development in the Caribbean Basin, this article offers development proposals to reduce pressures leading to migration and enhance the positive effects of migration on development."     

Migrant employment,recessions, and return migration: Some consequences for migration policy and development

After bringing approximately 13 million foreign migrants into Europe's industrial regions, the governments of many of these countries, among them France, Switzerland, West Germany, and the Netherlands have imposed severe restrictions on further immigration. Along with this move are the attempts by many countries to attract migrants back to their home countries. The recession of 1973 decreased the need for migrant labor and resulted in high levels of unemployment. The hard working migrant of the 1950's and 60's grew to become the politically active striker and social/political/financial burden on the state. Most governments have decided that future economic development will depend on technology, not labor production. The labor market structure of migrant workers helps explain why laid-off migrants do not return to their home countries. Political and economic conditions in the homeland also determine the amount of migrant return. The mere existence of a secondary labor force in an immigration country may make it easier to remain in that country. Incentives and financial inducements are needed to attract migrants home.     

Applying strategic management to economic development: benefits and challenges

Strategic management has become one of the popular managerial techniques emphasized by policy makers and public managers in recent years. Many local government officials are especially interested in applying this technique to improve the effectiveness of their economic development policies and programs. This paper examines issues associated with the application of strategic management concepts to local economic development. The paper first provides an overview of basic concepts of strategic management and special issues of public strategic management. It then focuses on the background of local economic development and the linkage between strategic management and economic development. The paper finally addresses the benefits and challenges associated with the development of strategic economic development.     

Economic development,foreign aid and vintage growth

Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. By Michael Lipton. London: Temple Smith, 1977. Pp. 467; £9.50.

Agrarian Reform and Agrarian Reformism: Studies of Peru, Chile, China and India. Edited by David Lehmann. London: Faber and Faber, 1974. Pp. 320; £1.80 in paperback.

Agricultural Supply Response: A Survey of the Econometric Evidence by Hossein Askari and John Thomas Cummings. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1976. Pp. xvii + 443, tables, figures; $32.50.

The Economic Development of the Third World since 1900. By Paul Bairoch. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1975. £5.00 (Paperback £2.45).

The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. By Marguerite Ross Barnett. Princeton University Press, 1976. Pp. xii + 368. £15.70.

Responses to Population Growth in India: Changes in Social, Political and Economic Behaviour. Edited by Marcus F. Franda. New York, Washington and London: Praeger, 1975. Pp. x + 277.

Value and Price in the Labour‐Surplus Economy. By Stephen A. Marglin. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1976. Pp. 252; £7.50.

Using Shadow Prices. By I. M. D. Little and M. F. G. Scott. London: Heinemann, 1976. Pp. vii + 254; £6.80

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Economic Independence in Africa. Ed. D. P. Ghai. East African Literature Bureau, 1973. Pp. 235.

Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: Copper in Chile. By Theodore H. Moran. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. Pp. xiv+286, tables, figures; £6.60.

Money and Credit in Developing Africa. By Eric L. Furness. London: Heinemann, 1975. Pp. 308, tables, figures.

Rural Money Markets in India By Subrata Ghatak. Delhi: The MacMillan Co. of India Ltd, 1976. Pp. vii + 230, Rs. 58.00.

Wage Issues in a Developing Economy: The Indian Experience. By A. J. Fonseca, Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1976. Pp. xii + 264; £5.25.

Internal Migration in Developing Countries. By Michael P. Todaro, Geneva: International Labour Office, 1976. Pp vi + 106; 20 Sw Frs.

Development Planning and Spatial Structure. Edited by Alan Gilbert. London and New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976. Pp.+ 207.     

Exploring the three varieties of East Asia's state-guided development model: Korea,Singapore, and Taiwan

In the postwar era, the East Asian state-guided development model has worked well to create successive economic miracles in the region. However, the enduring variances of the individual economies in East Asia still remain. This article explores the empirical diversities hidden behind the intra-regional commonalities. In particular, on the “growthstability-equity” spectrum, the East Asian development paradigm could be sub-divided into three categories: South Korea's “growth-obsessed” pattern (G); Singapore's “growth-with-stability” model (G-S); and Taiwan's “equity-and-stability-based growth” model (G-S-E). Largely derived from the deliberate political choice of a particular strategic path, each model of East Asia has materialized on the basis of strong developmentalist states. However, unlike the multi-goal options (G-S/G-S-E), as in Singapore and Taiwan, the mono-goal options ((G), as in Korea, could gain the chosen objective at considerable cost to the neglected dimensions. As a result, given a set of necessary political conditions, the multi-goal options are a better choice for Third World policy practitioners than are the mono-goal options.