宪政转型与中国司法审查制度

<正>导论当宪政作为"世界图像"呈现的时刻,中国是一位缺席者。在通往彼岸的路途中,我们沦落为迟到的异乡人。对于宪政的成败具有决定性意义的两大进程——亦即宪法成为真正的法律和司法审查成为宪法的看护者——的相互辉映,照亮了后来者初看起来近乎迷茫的宪政转型之     

A GOOD EXAMPLE OF PARENT ADVOCACY FOR RIGHTS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN CHINA

While children with disabilities experience exclusion and segregation in education, parents’ involvement has been very limited due to the lack of parent support in China. Negative attitudes toward disability in an environment deeply influenced by the individual model of disability thinking makes it crucial for parents to advocate for their children’s rights in inclusive education through collaborative and organized efforts. This article examines barriers obstructing disabled children’s rights in pursuing inclusive education, barriers parents face to advocate for their children, and the development of parent support. The author argues that equal and inclusive education for all has a broader social impact beyond disability rights to eliminate barriers and pursue dignity for all. In doing so, the author reveals existing structural inequalities facing inclusive education, encourages the momentum for future changes, and utilizes a good example of parent advocacy for a deeper and meaningful policy advancement to overcome discrimination on the basis of disability that causes segregation and exclusion in education. Recommendations include strategies for the construction of a support network for parents to play their important roles in advancing the rights of their disabled children in inclusive education.     

ADJUDICATING THE REGULATORY PENALTIES AGAINST NONPROFESSIONAL TAXI SERVICES IN CHINA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

This paper provides an overview of judicial decisions on lawsuits against regulatory penalties imposed on nonprofessional taxi drivers and ride-hailing platform operators in China and the European Union (especially Germany). Despite strikingly different facts in these cases, courts in both China and the EU are frequently called upon to rule on similar legal issues, including the applicability of old regulatory rules to new forms of transport services, the regulatory bar for the operation of emerging transport models, and the proper intensity of competition in taxi markets. The comparison of such cases suggests that for deciding the regulatory schemes of the innovative economy of transport services, the judicial system is not better suited than the regulatory system, especially the regulatory authority of the central government. Moreover, an experimental regulatory approach with minimum standards is arguably a feasible option that can fit with the emerging nature of innovative businesses.     

THE EVOLUTION OF POLICY AND LAW FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

This article examines the evolution of politics and laws related to sustainable development in China. Sustainable development has been positioned as an economic development strategy many years ago. However, in earlier times, it bore a heavy tint of national strategy, followed by a kind of soft sustainable development with a technological orientation. The recent decade has seen China on track for strong sustainable development. At the present, China is around the turning point of the ＂Environmental Kuznets Curve,＂ where both domestic and international multiple pressures are forcing the whole country to make new choices for its dimension of sustainable development strategy. Although sustainable development has been recognized by the legal field of environmental resources, it is still not yet fully integrated into other areas of law. The period from weak to strong sustainable transition is accompanied by another transition, more significant in China, from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. Compared to weak sustainable development, the complex and contradictory character of strength has brought more challenges. Sustainable development of dualism and compromise, which corresponds with the actual needs in China, is an important theoretical basis and practical standards for implementing the scientific view of development. Finally, it concludes by noting that ecological civilization is attempting to solve the problems from a more broad perspective, and to pay more attention to public participation, at the same time to cover the shortage of environmental legislation.     

LEGAL PROTECTION FOR MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN CHINA

In view of the increasingly severe exploitation of minority shareholders and the existence of double agency costs in China,it is necessary to provide strong protection for minority shareholders in China in order to build an investor-friendly system.By enabling minority shareholders to prevent misconducts of majority shareholders and managers,legal system has made significant progress in the past twenty years.     

JUDICIALIZED PROCEDURES IN REGULATORY POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

The effect of changes in formal administrative procedure on policy implementation is a subject of considerable controversy. It has been traditionally argued that requiring elaborate, "judicialized" procedures for administrative adjudication contributes to sluggish, ineffective regulation. However, the continued strength of the public advocacy movement suggests that such procedures may be used by pro-regulatory forces to instigate more vigorous regulation by agencies. This article addresses the issue through a comparative state analysis. Using environmental policy as a context for study, the association between the judicialization of procedure and the aggressiveness of regulation is measured.     

LEGAL ORDER WITHOUT WRITTEN TEXT IN THE SOUTHEAST OF GUIZHOU PROVINCE,CHINA: BOOK REVIEW ON THE PRIMARY LAW (IN CHINESE)

Xiaoguang Xu 徐晓光, 原生的法:黔东南苗族侗族地区的法人类学调查 (The Primary Law—Investigation of Legal Anthropology in the Districts of Miao and Dong Minorities in the Southeast of Guizhou Province, China). Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press, 2010. ISBN: 9787562035916. 348 pp.￥28.00 (paperback, in Chinese).     

ON CASES AGAINST CORPORATE MANAGERS FOR BREACHING THEIR DUTY OF LOYALTY AND/OR DUTY OF DILIGENCE IN CHINA

The statistics of 137 cases from 14 provinces or municipalities of China concerning the disputes of corporate managers’ duty of loyalty and duty of diligence shows that the majority of companies involved in such cases are those whose shares are not publicly traded (mainly limited liability companies and all sorts of foreign invested enterprises). Joint stock limited companies (including listed companies) rarely file lawsuit against their directors, supervisors, or senior officers. The duty of loyalty has been the center of most cases. Many cases pertain to issues that are not within the list of prohibited acts in the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China to directors, supervisors, and senior managers. Therefore, courts frequently make their judgments according to one of the general provisions of the Company Law. Courts conduct different forms of legal interpretations in their decisions. On one hand, in the majority of cases, courts tend to procedurally examine the questions of facts and to literally apply the law. Actually, the duty of loyalty and duty of diligence have been applied by many courts as “the duty of compliance with law.” On the other hand, a few decisions demonstrate that some courts examine cases under the doctrine of substance-over-form, showing their creative interpretations of the law. The focus of the judicial practice in this type of cases today in China is on how courts should explain and apply the general provisions in Article 148 (1) and Article 149 (1.8) of the 2005 Company Law of China (amended in 2013).     

DATA ANALYSIS OF PROFESSIONALIZATION OF LEGAL WORKERS IN CHINA

Since the reform and opening up, the legal profession in China has changed dramatically. In terms of both quantity and quality, the legal profession has stepped into a new phase. A tendency towards widespread litigation and more professionals.＂ judges, lawyers and law students, can be clearly evidenced. Along with the development of the legal profession, other types of legal workers including business arbitrators, grassroots paralegal service workers （grassroots paralegals）, and mediators have experienced great changes. To a certain extent, they have become more marginalized than before. The development of the legal profession is extremely unbalanced. Whether in terms of the number of lawyers or the income generated by lawyers, the inter-provincial gap in China is huge. The development of the legal profession also brings out the issue of judicial corruption. From the number of letters and visits related to lawsuits and the National People＇s Congress deputies ＇votes on the reports of the Supreme People＇s Court and the Supreme People＇s Procuratorate, the level of legal corruption can be noted. This＂ problem has become a crucial challenge to the reputation of the legal profession and the judicial creditability of the country. The same amount of attention should be paid to judicial corruption as to the quality of legal services.     

应从立法上考虑条约在我国的效力问题

<正>本文的主题属于国际法与国内法关系的范畴。条约在一国(国内)的效力包含三个基本问题:第一,条约是否可以在一国为法院所直接适用?第二,条约在一国国内法上的地位如何?这个问题也可以表述为:当条约和国内法抵触时,谁优先适用?第三,在一国国内谁有权按照什么规则解释条约?